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| RISK ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT FOR DEEP EXCAVATION CONSTRUCTIONS |
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| 廖肇邦、陳永義、廖俊龍 |
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| 深開挖、風險管理 |
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| 本文介紹有關深開挖施工時導入風險管理理論及運用PDCA管理理念建構風險管理模式，以淺顯易懂之定性評估方式闡述風險評估及管理方法，清楚評估出風險因子，利用風險分析、評估及風險處理之過程，將風險減輕至可承受之程度，在實際執行時建立風險管理模式，來檢討、確認執行之成效及修正風險管理策略，並佐以相關管理表格提供施工團隊來運用以降低施工風險。 |
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| This paper introduces the use of risk management theory in deep excavation projects. The PDCA concept is applied to build a risk management model. Simple, qualitative measures are adopted to explain the risk management and control methods. First, the risk factors are identified, followed by risk analysis, assessment and management measures in an effort to control the possible risk within an acceptable limit. In practice, it is essential to establish a risk management model to review and confirm the effectiveness of risk management tactics. Check lists and related tables are often required to assist the management team in reducing construction risks. |
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| AN INTRODUCTION TO THE CONSTRUCTION AND MANAGEMENT OF SHIELD TUNNELING |
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| 廖銘洋 |
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| 潛盾、施工品管 |
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| 本文介紹國內潛盾隧道工程施工管理問題及其相對應之品管工作，由施工過程中之管理及品管中去取代驗收前再做修改或補強工作。潛盾隧道施工以潛盾機為主要施工機具，潛盾機之運作包含掘進、背填灌漿與環片組裝等主要作業，這些作業均是關鍵所在，也是展現最後管理成果所在，與此息息相關的尚包括潛盾機的盾尾(根據實務結果顯示，盾尾長度與間隙影響組裝環片之品質)、掘進測量精度管理與發進、到達措施等﹔常因管理不善引致地盤間產生相對變位嚴重者產生災變。潛盾隧道施工及品管的同步與落實，可有效降低事後的補正與人力不可預測的風險，減少天災及人為災害，作者僅提供品管與施工管理一體化之觀念供潛盾隧道施工與管理結合之參考。 |
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| This paper addresses the issues of construction management and quality control of shield tunneling in an effort to minimize remedial works that maybe required after the completion of shield tunnel. Shield tunneling, which uses tunnel boring machine as the main equipment, consists of main construction procedures such as excavation, backfill grouting and segment assembly that are essential to the quality of a completed tunnel. Negligence on construction details, including tail sealing, alignment control, departing and arriving of boring machine, may all lead to significant ground settlement or even disaster. Integrating quality control procedures with construction could effectively reduce the potential risks and hazards of shield tunneling. The author hopes the concept of integrating quality control procedures with shield tunnel construction could serve as a valuable reference for readers. |
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| THE QUALITY CONTROL FOR CAST-IN-PLACE BORED PILE CONSTRUCTION |
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| 高秋振、徐明志、施志鴻 |
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| 場鑄基樁、基樁施工工法、孔壁穩定、垂直度、鋼柱吊放、樁底後灌漿、施工品管 |
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| 近年來台灣地區之場鑄基樁施工技術因經驗之累積已日趨成熟，大口徑及超長基樁已普遍運用於各項工程，專家學者對相關之施工方法及品質管理也多有論述發表，然而在實踐過程中隨著對基樁行為進一步的瞭解，發現目前之施工方式仍有討論及改善之空間。因此本文首先整理歸納國內常用之基樁施工工法之特性及適用範圍，然後針對施工過程中影響成樁品質之重要步驟，如孔壁穩定方式、垂直度與孔徑之控制及檢測、樁底沈泥處理、鋼柱吊放以及樁底後灌漿等工作項目，說明與檢討現行常用各種施工方式之特點及優劣，並提出對施工方式及品質管理之建議與注意事項，供規劃及施工人員參考。 |
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| As the designers and contractors are gaining a great deal of experience from pile construction projects, large diameter and super long bored pile have commonly been used in Taiwan. In the past decades, many papers have discussed the issues of pile construction and quality control. This paper describes the pile construction method and addresses the factors that affect the construction quality of piles. These factors may include method to stabilize a bored hole, vertical alignment of drilling, diameter control and check, bottom cleaning, placing steel sections and post grouting of pile bottom. Finally, recommendations on pile construction quality control are given for reference. |
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| AN INTRODUCTION ON CONSTRUCTION AND QUALITY CONTROL OF H-PILE STRUT SYSTEM FOR EXCAVATION |
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| 蔡晧川、伍志誠 |
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| 內支撐系統、H型鋼、支撐、圍令、中間樁、品質管理 |
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| H型鋼內支撐乃台灣開挖支撐系統之主要工法，本文概要介紹施工前階段、施工中階段等相關重點。此外，相關之品質管理檢核項目及問題預防及矯正方法亦提出供參考。 |
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| The H-section steel internal bracing system is the most popular bracing system adopted for underground construction in Taiwan. This paper briefly introduces the key points of the bracing system that requires special attention during pre-construction stage and construction stage. Construction check list, as well as remedial measures are also presented for reference. |
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| DIAPHRAGM WALLING EXPERIENCE AND A CASE STUDY OF FAN-SHAPED DIAPHRAGM WALL |
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| 蘇國隆 |
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| 連續壁、導溝、高分子穩定液 |
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| 連續壁工法在台灣已有超過三十年的歷史，工法已相當成熟，但仍常因連續壁包泥包砂而導致大量漏水引致工程災害之案例，這些災害部份可歸因於地質因素，但施工前之規劃及施工時之品管才是工程成敗之最重要因素。另由於工法之成熟因而連續壁之設計多元化，地中壁、扶壁及曲線形之連續壁均已實際運用在工程之中，這些新設計也都有賴更細緻之施工管理手段加以完成。本文整理介紹地下連續壁施工管理之重要事項，同時舉台灣工銀總部之扇圓形連續壁為例，說明如何將管理之手段運用於實際工作中。 |
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| Diaphragm walls have been used in Taiwan for over thirty years. It is now considered a mature construction method. Nevertheless, construction disasters induced by diaphragm wall defect are not uncommon in recent years. Part of the construction disasters can be attributed to adverse ground conditions, while most of the disasters are caused by diaphragm wall defects. These defects can usually be eliminated by careful planning and good management of the diaphragm wall construction. Special type of diaphragm walls, such as buttress, cross-wall and even curve shaped diaphragm wall, are often used in these days. These kinds of walls are difficult to construct and require more elaborate construction management skills to avoid fatal defects. This paper introduces the key factors that affect the construction and quality of diaphragm walling, and a case study of fan-shaped diaphragm wall is also presented. |
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| A CASE STUDY OF TUBE-A-MANCHETTE GROUTING IN RESTORING A TILTED BUILDING |
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| 潘俊全、潘信宏、呂理容、林泰煌 |
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| 馬歇管工法、控制型水力破裂、補償灌漿 |
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| 灌漿使用於建物扶正已有相當長之時間，由於扶正需對灌漿進行精細之控制方可達到預期之效果，控制不當時則可能導致建物更進一步損傷；預埋管式雙環塞之低壓灌漿(馬歇管Tube-A-Manchette簡稱 TAM)施工法為一種控制型水力破裂(Controlled Hydro-Fracturing)及補償灌漿(Compensation Grouting)之複合工法，馬歇管一般以30~50公分開孔一處，當其埋設於地層中時每一開孔深度均可獨立進行灌漿，並且可重覆使用多次，使用於建物扶正時可對灌漿量及灌漿位置作較精確的控制，同時利用其可重覆灌漿之特性，於扶正過程中可依監測結果進行灌漿計畫之修正，在建物扶正之灌漿工法中有其優異性，本文介紹馬歇管灌漿工法及其如何應用於建物扶正之工作中。 |
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| Grouting has been used in restoring tilted buildings for a long time. In order to obtain anticipate result, precise control of grouting is very important. Improper control of grouting will further damage the tilted building. TAM grouting method which uses Tube-A-Manchette pipe and double-packer is carried out by combining controlled fracturing grouting and compensation grouting. TAM pipe is usually perforated at intervals of 30~50 cm and is used with an inner grouting pipe containing two packer elements. TAM pipes installed in the ground will allow grouting to be carried out individually and repeatedly. It provides precise control and flexibility which are needed in the process of restoring tilted buildings. This paper will briefly introduces the TAM grouting method and a case study of restoring a tilted building. |
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| CONSTRUCTION METHODS TO MINIMIZE THE INTERACTION OF TWO ADJACENT EXCAVATIONS |
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| 陳廣祥、范彩雲 |
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| 開挖、逆築工法、順打工法、地下擋土壁 |
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| 本文利用有限元素法電腦軟體(SAGE CRISP)模擬分析可減少兩相鄰開挖基地相互影響的施工方式。探討的內容包括兩基地開挖工法選用的影響，基地之間相隔距離變化的影響，及兩基地施工時間相互配合的影響。分析顯示先開挖基地採逆築工法施工，地下擋土壁的側向位移量比先開挖基地採用順打工法施工少。影響開挖結果之因素為先開挖基地的施工方法，後開挖基地的施工方法對開挖結果影響不明顯，先開挖基地採用逆築工法施工比採用順打工法佳。兩開挖基地擋土壁之間的距離大於10m以上可減少受鄰開挖基地的影響。兩基地開挖的時間間隔愈短相互的影響愈小，同時開挖相互的影響最低。 |
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| A computer software SAGE CRISP has been used to analyze the construction methods that are able to minimize the interaction of two immediate adjacent excavations. Three subjects were studied including the effect of excavation methods at two excavated sites, the effect of distance between two excavated sites, and the effect of construction sequence at two excavated sites. The results of analysis indicate the followings. The method of excavation used at the pre-excavated site dominates the amount of lateral deflection of underground retaining wall. The lateral deflection of underground retaining wall can be minimized when bottom up excavation method is used at the pre-excavated site. The interaction of two excavated sites decreases when the distance between two sites is larger than 10 meters. The less the time interval between the construction sequences of two excavated sites, the smaller the interaction of two excavated sites. |
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