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| 主編:林銘郎 |
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2009年8月8日起莫拉克颱風，在中南部地區於短短三天內，即落下2500mm的雨量，在高雄、屏東、台南、嘉義、南投等地發生邊坡、道路、橋樑之破壞及淹水災害外，亦在東台灣造成台東太麻里溪潰堤嚴重、知本金帥飯店倒塌，高屏地區雙園大橋斷裂等，這些災情被媒體反覆播放，令人印象深刻。
莫拉克風災初期之災情傳出是在8月8日～11日，真正攸關人命如小林村滅村慘案之山崩、土石流災情最嚴重的山區聚落，由於交通通訊中斷多處淪為孤島，消息是隨著救難直昇機進入災區後才逐漸傳出。在此一期間，有許多大地工程界的友人彼此連繫，期望能以個人的專業為國家社會與災民貢獻一份心力。綜觀本次颱風造成的災情，從大規模的土石災害、邊坡坍滑，到道路橋梁基礎、橋台、河堤護岸遭受沖刷毀損，大多與大地工程息息相關，相關災害調查與記錄，對於未來重建設計規劃，後續可能災害之防災應變，乃至相關工程未來性能設計規範研究都將是極重要的參考資料。
本次風災，在颱風豪雨季節未完之際，勘災工作的急迫性與重要程度，甚至超過921地震，因此研商建議地工界能夠發起民間自主勘災計畫，群策群力分工進行勘災工作，此次自發性的活動很快地得到地工基金會陳正興董事長、大地工程學會廖洪鈞理事長以及許多地工界伙伴的熱烈回響與支持。8月17日召開第一次籌備會議，8月19日加開大地工程學會常務理監事會議通過籌組提案，正式分工分組，並立即分頭展開現勘工作。依災區之流域分了五個流域加上一行政資源與資訊管理組共六個組，計有十五所學校、以及以下學者專家熱心參與，包括陳正興、廖洪鈞、林美聆、陳天健、翁孟嘉、童士恒、 吳明淏、柯永彥、王建智、詹勳山、謝坤宏、范嘉程、羅偉、鄭清江、張為光、林基源、徐松圻、許世宗、賴俊仁、蔡佩勳、壽克堅、陳廣祥、黃富國、許尚逸、鄭錦桐、邱俊翔、邵國士、董家鈞、李維峰、劉家男、張光宗、冀樹勇、黃嘉俊、嚴崇一等人與各學校的研究生、助理們(如有遺漏、尚請見諒)。
8月26日勘災團隊利用第13屆大地工程學術研討會的時間，報告了各流域分組的初步勘災成果與地工伙伴分享，引起廣泛的討論。10月20日進行了工作小組會議，除了進行勘災工作經驗交流外，為了本地工技術122期-莫拉克颱風之地工災害專輯的內容進行了初步規畫，11月4日召開編輯會議，決定該專題於12月初出刊，並規畫於12月底舉辦勘災成果研討會。
本專輯能夠如期付梓，特別感謝每篇作者群們的賜稿，在非常充匆促忙碌的情況下趲趕，展現災後一百天來努力的具體成果，編輯人員也展現了最高的效率以完成任務。為了資料的完整性，本期同時也邀請了其他參與勘災產官學界的專家學者，共同將勘災成果以地工技術專輯的形式發表，與大眾共享，期能系統性地保存第一手勘災資料與經驗，除了提醒吾輩記取教訓，亦是後續重建與研究的重要資源。必須強調地是本專輯(或研討會)純屬學術論述(或研討)，不代表本基金會(或學會)立場，且不得作為訟償的證據。
我們也特別感謝行政院莫拉克颱風災後重建推動委員會副執行長陳振川教授的贈言，陳教授在災後常駐南部災區，為災後的重建作最大的努力，積極奉獻的精神令人動容，其贈言中所揭示的-氣候異常環境變遷所造成對大地環境驟變的影響才是此次莫拉克災難之主因，大自然力量之大，令人感嘆，而這也是我們未來更應審慎面對的挑戰。
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| 陳振川 |
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近年賀伯、921大地震、桃芝、納莉、敏督利、卡玫基，颱風地震波波來襲，今年8月8日莫拉克颱風更造成國土環境重創與國人生命財產之重大損傷。綜觀本次莫拉克颱風近3,000mm超高大雨，造成南部、東部山區重大災難，本案與921大地震震害狀況不同，各山區聚落因暴雨颱風交通中斷土石崩落造成各處孤島，導致逃生與救災之困難。成大水利及海洋工程系蔡長泰教授依據高屏溪九曲堂測站量測尖峰水流流量29,100cms，推估本次河川流量應為台灣200年來第一大流量。破紀錄洪流挾帶超過97萬公頃漂流木，內含有巨大樹木，坡地滑動與大崩塌所帶來土石估計高達2億立方米，可見大雨所致環境改變，洪水挾帶土石及樹木由高山沿峽谷河川直奔而下，摧毀道路堤防、橋梁及社區部落建築。過去，我們常視高山地區過度開發為颱風災害之主源，然而莫拉克颱風所造成之破壞，顯現氣候異常環境變遷所造成對大地環境驟變的影響才是此次災難之主因，其力量之大，令人感嘆，而這也是我們未來更應審慎面對的挑戰。
在搶救災過程時，政府即於8月15日迅速成立「行政院莫拉克災後重建推動委員會」，職司協調、審核、決策、推動及督導各項重建工作，並通過頒行「以國土保育為先之區域重建綱要計畫」作為上位計畫，督導相關部會研擬「家園重建計畫」、「產業重建計畫」、「基礎建設計畫」等3大重建計畫，據以推動災後重建。由於本次受災地區多在飽受土石流、洪水及交通阻絕困擾之山區，並以原住民為多數，因此以社區或部落為主體的地區 (部落或社區) 重建，及安全防災更顯重要。過去的遷村都難以成功，但由此次災情觀之，整體性之遷村勢在必行，因此家園重建即成為本次災後重建能否成功之關鍵。
原住民文化是台灣最珍貴與多元之文化資產，為能在災後重建與災民安置過程能保存及尊重原住民既有文化與生活習性，特別條例在第1、2、4、15、20條條文中，均揭示「災後重建應以人為本，以生活為核心，並應尊重多元文化特色，保障社區參與，兼顧國土保安與環境資源保育」之精神。
這次的家園重建工作，政府特依受災程度、災害風險及居民意願，提供優惠且多元方式供災民選擇原地重建、修復、遷居或遷村。政府扮演的角色是：決定政策、制定法令、編列預算、提供土地、簡化程序及住民區外公共建設設施的興建。此外，政策上藉由莫拉克颱風災後重建工作的推動，建立政府、企業及NGO等之夥伴協同、分工合作的重建模式，由慈濟、紅十字會、世界展望會等民間慈善團體負責永久屋的興建與鴻海等企業進行未來居民就業安排。利用民間部門的彈性、效率、活力與創新，負責災民永久屋之興建、產業之發展與就業之協助。
為能瞭解災情並為災民提供一個安全的家，政府自9月6日起即啟動由陳宏宇教授等協助之「原居住地安全評估作業」，加上第二階段之新勘，合計達90個原住民部落。另亦由經建會進行20餘處非原住民聚落之安全評估作業，其結果由原民會、重建會結合專家學者分赴各部落說明評估結果供災民參考。而為尋覓安全遷村 (居) 地點，營建署亦邀集相關部會與專家學者，自99個安置候選用地，擇定51處供遷村使用。另依據特別條例，重建會邀集相關部會、地方政府、專家學者與災民代表進行特定區域劃定，以做為遷村 (居) 之依據，並須進行部落協商凝聚共識。上述各項作業，在緊湊嚴密下結合產官學力量進行，為安全安置災民進行重要之先期作業。
考量明年5月汛期來臨，部分災民仍持返回經評定為不安全原居地或盼望政府提供中繼屋供災民1~3年時間思考未來之建議，惟災民面臨暴雨颱風之高風險侵襲，安置時間太長無法滿足災民與社會期望。政府需加快安置脚步，且基於土地難求及增為兩套建築經費，實難同時提供中繼屋及永久屋，且若分兩階段辦理，造成災民生活有兩次變更調整之不便。再者，本次風災已頒定「莫拉克颱風災後重建特別條例」，在相關法規的排除適用或簡化流程之下，必定縮短重建工作之期程 (59公頃慈濟月眉農場即在遞件申請後52天即取建照，可在農曆年前完成600戶永久屋)，省去興建中繼屋而直接進入永久屋之興建，以早日安定災民進住重建後之永久家屋。政府政策與民間善款建屋，這是921大地震重建時所不可比擬之安置作法。
再者，經過88水災之災變，國土環境與公共設施已有重大變化，大水暴雨所在高山地區形成之部落孤島現象，仍將持續發生。政府雖已規劃並進行公共設施興建，惟其仍需時間完成，雖已極力搶通連通部落道路，惟因路床流失，邊坡大幅崩滑，各道路情況仍糟，遇大雨即土石崩塌，交通中斷，可預見祇要明年暴雨、颱風來臨，各高山孤島地區勢必再度形成，而由於河床淤高，道路邊坡崩壞，現有山區「耐災」能力遠比「88水災」前更低，預估祇要雨量1000mm或更少，即會造成洪患與道路橋梁損壞。面對大自然氣候異常與環境之改變，政府雖欲極盡人事，但實難抵擋大自然之破壞力量。離災與避災是未來國人長期所必需面對之事實。原住民急於返鄉之心裡可充份理解，若居住地為安全且交通安全地點，政府正依「離災不離村、離村不離鄉，集體遷村至離鄉最近之適當地點」之原則儘速協助安置災民。然而，政府亦有重大責任提醒並要求民眾強化安全防災作為，以免再增加無辜傷亡。
政府對於災後道路中斷238處及橋梁中斷106處形成七大主要孤島災區全面進行搶通作業，迄今祇剩台21線 (小林村－民族村)，預計於12/31搶通，台20線 (梅山－禮觀)，預計於99年2月28日搶通。另政府大幅減化河川砂石疏濬作業，結合國軍、地方政府與民間力量全力辦理，並自今年汛期後全面展開，預計全年以6500萬m3為目標，然而這和水利署所估算崩塌土石高達2億m3之數量來看，顯現大量土石仍堆置中上游，將隨暴雨下流淤塞河川，對部落及堤防安全造成威脅。政府已召開上百場座談會、說明會和原住民溝通，並動員政府機關及民間大地、土木、水利、地質、結構、水保專家學者500人次以上進入災區，從事災情調查與安全評估，儘速提供資料供建立國土保育上位計畫及災區重建之依據。現亦正依法進行特定區域劃設和災民諮商之程序，盼望和部落災民在安全、文化、生活與光明未來取得共識，加速家園重建，讓高山大地養息，並讓社區在文化脈絡傳承、自然環境保育下永續發展。
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| The Statistical Analysis of Geotechnical Disaster Caused by the Typhoon Morakot |
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| 李維峰、廖洪鈞、王昭雯、黃佳駿、冀樹勇、陳正興 |
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| 莫拉克颱風、資訊系統、地理資訊系統、資料庫。 |
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| 莫拉克颱風重創台灣，在大地工程學會與地工技術基金會的號召下，地工界的許多專家、學者紛紛投入此次勘災活動，同時建置規劃了大地工程天然災害資料庫。從8月至今的無數人力投入勘災的努力，團隊總計彙整了近三百筆的現地調查資料、包括照片、調查表格、相關地理資訊等，成果豐碩。 |
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| Due to the typhoon, Morakot hit Taiwan strongly and cause very serious damage, many experts, scholars and engineers contributed their time and energy for assisting the adversity region. They teamed up to follow the appeal from the geotechnical society and foundation of geotechnical construction. Meanwhile, one database information system of the natural disaster was introduced in order to record natural disaster information. There are more than 300 records gathered by the professional teams from August to now. The disaster photos, investigation tables, relevant geographic information, and so on are collected for the reconstruct purpose. |
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| Slope Failure of Lawnon Basin Induced by Typhoon Morakot |
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| 陳天健、吳嘉俊、翁孟嘉、謝坤宏、王建智 |
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| 莫拉克颱風、坡地災害。 |
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| 荖濃溪為高屏溪主要支流之一，莫拉克颱風(Morakot)為2009年編號第8號之颱風，莫拉克颱風於本地區超過3000mm之雨量，最大時雨量超過100mm/hr，造成本溪流域內嚴重坡地災害。由初步災害調查中顯示，莫拉克颱風帶來之鉅量累積雨量且長時間連續強降雨特性，對荖濃溪之嚴重的崩塌及土石流災害與有顯著之影響；除豪雨外造成災害之因素，尚包括：迎風面、順向坡構造、居住於堆積扇、緊鄰山坡缺乏緩衝空間、崩塌擠壓造成河流擺盪、及嚴重土石流因素等，交織成變臉的荖濃溪。 |
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| Lawnon River, the major branch of Kaoping River, was damaged by Typhoon Morakot which inducing the accumulation precipitation more than 3000mm and up to 100 mm/hr in intensity. A reconnaissance was conducted shown the severe slope failure and debris flows of Lawnon basin were related to the huge rain accumulation and long duration of intense precipitation by the typhoon. Besides, the topography and geology are enhanced the hazard of disaster, such as slope aspect in windward sides, dip slope topography, residents lived in deposition fan, lacked of buffer zone, river swing caused by dammed, and severe debris flow, inducing a face-off of basin environment. |
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| Slope Disasters and Mechanism in Chishan River Basin |
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| 范嘉程、劉芸呈 |
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| 莫拉克颱風、旗山溪、邊坡災害、河階地災害、道路災害、河岸災害。 |
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| 98年8月初之莫拉克颱風對台灣南部造成近50年來最嚴重之水災及坡地災害，南部山區道路及邊坡破壞情況可以「全面性災害」來形容，這些邊坡破壞對台灣未來國土規劃與利用存在極大衝擊。本文就莫拉克颱風造成旗山溪流域邊坡災害之調查成果進行說明，分別就道路破壞、堤防破壞、護岸破壞、坡地災害、土石流及河階地災害等類型進行討論，並探討破壞發生機制及與環境之關聯性。 |
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| Typhoon Morakat hit Taiwan in August, 2009 and resulted in flooding and a severe damage in mountain region. The damage and loss of properties caused by this typhoon is considered the worst one in 50 years in Taiwan. Damage of mountainous roadways and slope failures in Southern Taiwan were in a large scale and have a considerable impact on the land use and management in Taiwan in the future. This paper aims to present a summary of investigation of slope failures in Chishan river basin. Failures of roadways, levee, river bank, slopes, debris flow, and stream terrace are presented and discussed. In addition, the failure mechanism and environment-related issues are investigated for different types of slope failures. |
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| Typical Landslides and Related Mechanisms in Ali Mountain Highway Induced by Typhoon Morakot |
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| 董家鈞、劉家男、李維峰 |
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| 阿里山公路、莫拉克颱風、崩塌、地質構造。 |
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| 莫拉克颱風重創南台灣，豪雨造成多條山區道路因坍方而造成多處中斷，阿里山公路就是其中一條受創嚴重的山區道路，多處路段因崩塌嚴重，災後一個月有少數路段仍待搶通。阿里山公路為台18號公路之俗稱，於民國72年初完工通車，迄今近三十年，災害不斷，為瞭解莫拉克颱風對阿里山公路邊坡的影響，本文作者於民國九十八年九月初進行阿里山公路現地勘查，主要目的在於紀錄幾處典型崩塌之破壞型態，並嘗試利用遙測影像配合初步之地表地質調查成果，初步研判其崩塌機制，並對後續調查、監測與復建規劃設計提出建議。根據現地勘查結果，阿里山公路五處崩塌，均與其本身地質構造及水文地質特性極其相關，其中不連續面位態控制岩坡破壞，特別是斷層帶造成材料弱化以及影響邊坡水文地質特性，進而影響邊坡之穩定性，為崩塌的重要內在因素。藉由研究成果，也提醒了大地工程師，考量未來極端降雨事件之邊坡穩定問題時，應以更全面之角度審視邊坡工程規劃、設計與施工，並妥善分析岩體不連續面、斷層帶以及褶皺構造可能對邊坡穩定性之影響，以評估可能引致災害規模以及防範措施之有效性。 |
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| Typhoon Morakot had caused serious damages to southern Taiwan. Almost all major mountain highways located in the affected region suffered severe damages from landslides, rockfalls, and debris flows. Among all these highways, Ali Mountain Highway was one of the most rigorous examples. Ali Mountain highway, i.e. T18 route was constructed in the early 80s. For the past 30 years of operation, it suffered from different natural hazards frequently. In an effort to document the damages and to provide mitigation strategies, the authors conducted extensive field surveys and aerial or satellite images analysis to preliminarily access the failure mechanisms of selected typical slope failures along T18 highway. For five selected sites in this study, engineering and hydraulic geological features were found to be most influential factors to the failures. The weak zones and impermeability of the discontinuities of geological structures, including faults, dominated the global stability of the slopes. In summary, geotechnical engineers should consider carefully the geological structure discontinuities and their properties for slope mitigation. Moreover, considerations of the extreme hazards such as Typhoon Morakot should be also included in future design. |
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| Slope Disaster Inducement in the Chenyoulan River Watershed |
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| 林基源、楊明德、徐松圻、蔡佩勳、許世宗、賴俊仁、賴銘峰、壽克堅、黃富國、陳廣祥、許尚逸 |
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| 土石流、崩坍、洪水、莫拉克颱風、陳有蘭溪。 |
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| 陳有蘭溪流域分別在1996、1999、2001年發生賀伯颱風、921集集大地震與桃芝颱風三次嚴重災情，透過媒體報導，「五年三災」令人印象深刻。2009年8月7日中度颱風莫拉克侵襲台灣，帶來多日的豪大雨，造成台灣中南部與東部縣市嚴重災情，本流域位在重災區北端，亦發生不少崩坍、土石流及洪水各項災害。本文從地質及地形、921集集大地震、人類活動、極端降雨等四項因素，探討流域內影響較為重大之新山村、神木村與新中橫公路坡地災害致災成因，分析土石流、高含砂水流與地質構造對邊坡破壞之影響。 |
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| During the five years period between 1996 and 2001, three major disasters, which were induced by Typhoon Herb in 1996, Chi-Chi Earthquake in 1999, and Typhoon Toraji in 2001, occurred in the watershed of Chenyoulan River. These disasters shadow people's mind until today. On August 7, 2009, Typhoon Morakot swept through Taiwan with heavy rains which induced severe damages in central, southern, and eastern Taiwan. It also caused several landslides, debris flows, and heavy floods in the watershed of Chenyoulan River. This paper investigates the impacts of geological and geographical conditions, Chi-Chi Earthquake, human activities, and severe rainfalls on slope failures of the Shinsan Village, Shenmu Village, and New Central Cross-Island Highway, especially from the view point of geotechnical engineering. The influences of debris flow, high concentrated flow, and geological structure on the extent of damage were also discussed. |
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| Case Study of Compound Geohazard within the Watershed of Taitung Area During Typhoon MorakotV |
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| 鄭錦桐、邵國士、冀樹勇、邱俊翔 |
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| 莫拉克颱風、台東、複合型地工災害。 |
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| 莫拉克颱風侵台期間引進西南氣流，於台東地區降下累積達1500mm以上之雨量，其雨量已超過200年重現期距，並且誘發台東地區多處地工災害。本文主要為台東縣知本溪、金崙溪、太麻里溪、與大鳥溪等中、下游之道路基礎與鄰河岸聚落之地工災害勘查成果，歸納各類地工災害肇因於極端豪雨誘發崩塌、堰塞湖、土石流、河道淤積與潰堤洪水氾濫，且各災害間具連鎖性、累積性與複雜性，屬複合型災害之特性，後續應加強廣域空間監測與長時間之災害潛勢量化分析工作，以利擬定未來工程整治之因應對策。 |
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| The accumulated rainfall of typhoon Morakot is greater than 1500mm and the rainfall intensity is over 200yrs return period in Taitung county located in the southeast of Taiwan. Hence, the extreme rainfall triggered widespread and large magnitude geohazards in the south part of Taitung county. The serious geohazards along Jhihben river, Jinlun river, Taimali river, Darzu river and Darniau river are presented in this article. Field survey was conducted and the result shows that the type of geohazards include landslide, debris flow, river bed silt, nature dam, and flooding. All of them were triggered by extremely heavy rainfall and the characterization of those geohazards are accumulative, complex, and chain reactive. Therefore, those geohazards have relation between each other, so they could be represented as compound geohazards. In order to make strategies for rehabilitation, monitoring and quantitative analysis of hazard potential are indeed needed in the near future. |
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| The Rapid Method to Identify Landslide Areas and Disasters Triggered by Typhoon Morakot |
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| 費立沅、李彥良 |
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| 莫拉克颱風、崩塌、福衛影像。 |
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| 統計莫拉克颱風新增的崩塌地面積總計約34,878公頃，受災面積如此的廣，造成颱風災情資料的取得極為困難。航照攝影與福衛影像是兩種較能在短期內獲得大區域資料的方法，但也都有其限制，不易在短期內得到完整的數據。地調所在「易淹水地區上游集水區地質調查與資料庫建置計畫」中提供包括流域地質圖、山崩土石流資料、嚴重崩塌區資料、福衛影像判釋資料等最新成果，有助於災後重建工作的推動。 |
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| Typhoon Morakot made new landslide areas about 34,878 hectares, because the affected area is so wide, it is very difficult to obtain the disaster information of Typhoon. The aerial photographs and the Formosat-2 Satellite Image are two kinds of Methods to obtain the short term data of large area, but they also have their limitations, they are not easy to get complete short term data. The Central Geological Survey, where the "Geological Investigation and Database Construction for The Upstream Watershed of Flood-Prone Area" to provide, including watershed geological maps, landslide debris flows of information, serious collapse zone data, the Formosat-2 Satellite Image of sub-consciousness …etc, such as the latest achievements of information to promote post-disaster reconstruction work. |
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| The Relationship Between the Geological Characteristics of the Southern Central Range and the Migration of the Original Residential Land of Dashe, Dewen, and Dalai Tribes |
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| 羅 偉、盧建中 |
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| 莫拉克風災、中央山脈、部落原居地。 |
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| 莫拉克颱風挾帶驚人雨量重創南臺灣，造成嚴重的損失與傷亡。尤其是山區部落受損嚴重，大多部落位於中央山脈地區，少部份也位於近中央山脈側的麓山帶地區，其致災之地質因素均與中央山脈地質特性相關。過去許多原住民聚落都曾經歷多次搬遷，除政治、交通、經濟因素外，自然災害亦是重要原因之一。本文以屏東縣三地門鄉之大社、德文與達來等三村落為例，探討原居地之歷次搬遷與臺灣中央山脈南段地質特性之關聯性，希望對莫拉克風災原居地之遷村與重建，能提供參考。 |
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| August 8, 2009, Typhoon Morokot with torrential rains brought a significant loss of lives and properties to the southern Taiwan, especially in the original residential land of tribes. These tribes are mostly on the Central Range area, and some tribes will migrate to the safety areas after the Morokot. This paper introduces the geologic characteristics of the southern Central Range and the migration history of the Dashe, Dewen and Dalai tribes It is hoped to find the relationship between the geologic characteristics of the Central Range and the migration of the original residential land of these tribes. |
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| Landslide Dams Induced by Typhoon Morakot and Its Risk Assessment |
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| 陳樹群、許中立 |
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| 堰塞湖、潰決、溯源沖刷、溢流、莫拉克颱風。 |
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| 氣候變遷導致災害複雜化，例如堰塞湖與其所造成之災害已有逐漸增多之趨勢。堰塞湖的形成多是因為崩塌、地滑、土石流堵塞河道所致，因此天然壩的安全性遠不及以工程方法構築之人工壩，這也就是天然壩易產生潰決，以至於釀成巨災的原因。大多數的堰塞湖年限極短，主要潰決原因為溢流溯源沖刷。堰塞湖的壽命及潰決方式，受制於天然壩體大小、堵河之土砂材料特性、上游來水條件以及堰塞湖之蓄水容量等。2009年8月7到9日颱風莫拉克侵襲臺灣地區，超大的降雨造成東部與中南部的嚴重水患洪災，其受害規模與程度不亞於921地震災害，使得山坡地的崩塌、地滑或土石流數量暴增，堆積土石堵塞河道形成了大大小小的堰塞湖，初步研判的新生堰塞湖有17處。這些暴雨所形成之堰塞湖的壩身多矮而長，且在短時間內都發生過不同程度的潰決，而潰決的同時也造成河道的嚴重沖淤與水位變化，並且對下游村落造成一定程度之傷害，其中以小林村為甚。現存之堰塞湖則因均已溢流，雖然危險度已大幅降低，但建立完善的危機管理對策仍刻不容緩。 |
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| As other compound disasters due to climate change, the occurrence probabilities of the landslide dam and its secondary disasters have been increasing gradually. The landslide dam is formed mostly by rock fall, landslide and debris flow blocking river. The safety of the natural dam is far below the artificial dam built by engineers, and the dam is apt to failure. The lives of most landslide dams are extremely short, due to overflow and headcutting mainly. The life-span and failure pattern of the landslide dam are affected by size of dam, soil material, inflow and capacity of the barrier lake etc. Typhoon Morakot attacked Taiwan in 7-9 Aug. 2009 and brought heavy rainfall causing serious floods and 17 landslide dams in the east and central-south Taiwan, and caused a serious damage more than Chichi earthquake did. Most landslide dams overwhelmed within a short time, meanwhile caused flushing, and serious change on the river morphology, and even human injury and property loss in downstream communities, such as Shiaolin village. Therefore, disaster mitigation and risk management of landslide dam need a great attention in the future. |
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| Geological Investigation on the Catastrophic Landslide in Siaolin Village, Southern Taiwan |
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| 李錫堤、董家鈞、林銘郎 |
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| 山崩、災變式山崩、地質調查、小林村。 |
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2009年莫拉克颱風帶來的超級雨量在高雄縣甲仙鄉小林村後方山坡誘發大型山崩，造成掩埋村落而致五百人失蹤的巨災。山崩發生於8月9日清晨6時許，從高出村落約五百至九百公尺的山坡開始發生崩塌，大量的崩滑土石快速向下流動，一部份土石翻越590高地而掩埋了村落，大部份土石繼續沿山溝向下流動，進入旗山溪主流而堵塞河道並形成堰塞湖。山崩發生一小時後，堰塞湖潰決，大水沖刷被土石掩埋的村落，留下目前的殘景。
此次巨災的癥結點有三：(1)地質構造上，滑動區北側地層層面與南側東西向節理暨小斷層共同形成一組向西傾斜且呈虛懸狀態的不利岩楔；(2)發生滑動的溪溝源頭儲積甚厚的老崩積層與新崩積物，有利於地表水的入滲，使新鮮頁岩上方的破碎頁岩與崩積物容易含水飽和；(3)滑動區坡高太高，衝擊能量太大，擴大了災害的程度。
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The 2009 Typhoon Morakot brought a huge amount of rainfall in southern Taiwan and caused a catastrophic landslide which buried houses and about 5 hundred people in the Siaolin Village, Jiasian Township, Kaohsiung County. The landslide initiated from a slope about 500m to 900m above the riverbed on about 6 o’clock in the morning, 9th August. Huge amount of slid materials moved quickly downward and became a debris flow. A part of debris topped over the 590 highland, spread on the hillslope, and finally reached and destroyed the Siaolin Village. Most debris kept downward movement along the gully and reached the Chishan Creek, and blocked the main stream forming a dam-up-lake. About 1 hour later, the lake started breaking, the flood flushed out the buried village remaining the present view.
The cruxes of the problem for the catastrophic landslide may include the following 3 points. (1) Geologically, there are unfavorable wedge combinations formed by bedding planes at north side and joints or small fault at south side, and also the wedges were overhanging. (2) The source area of slide locates at a stream head and was covered by very thick colluvium of different ages. These loose materials provided good chance for water infiltration and caused the unstable wedge easily saturated. (3) The source area of slide is too high above the village; the potential energy transferred into dynamic energy and enlarged the impact of the landslide.
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| Survey and Improvement Measures on Southern Taiwan Hydraulic Facilities after 88 Flood |
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| 劉建邦、蔡文豪、謝國正、林家輝、張東宸 |
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| 水利設施、流域。 |
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| 中度颱風莫拉克（Morakot）為今（98）年度第8號颱風，暴風圈接觸（7日5時）本島至脫離（9日18時）共歷經61小時。在台灣短延時高強度或長延時高累積降雨，均為易發生土砂及淹水災害之致災因子，本次莫拉克颱風在高屏溪全流域均發生高強度且長延時降雨，在台灣雨量記錄實為罕見，故造成嚴重大規模災害。本文以台灣南部重要的水利設施經歷莫拉克颱風後之問題，探討各個設施的災損情形，並對未來應注意的重點提出建議，以提供後續管理及維護，並供未來新建設施設計上之參考。 |
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| Typhoon Morakot, a moderate typhoon, is the 8th typhoon hit Taiwan in 2009. It took Typhoon Morakot 61 hours to pass through Taiwan from August 7, 5:00A.M to August 9, 6:00P.M. A typhoon either has a short-duration rainfall with high rainfall intensity or a long-duration rainfall with heavy rainfall can easily become the disaster-causing factor of debris flow and floods to Taiwan. The high rainfall intensity and long-duration rainfall brought by Typhoon Morakot throughout the KaoPing River Basin has broken all rainfall records in Taiwan and caused severe and large-scale damages. This article is to survey the damages of southern Taiwan hydraulic facilities caused by Typhoon Morakot. Besides, this article makes suggestions for follow-up management and maintenance of the hydraulic facilities and for the design reference of new facilities in the future. |
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| Case Study on Disaster of Bridge and Slope of Highway System in Kao-Ping River Basin |
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| 張荻薇、周功台、楊智堯、王仲宇、陳銘鴻 |
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| 莫拉克颱風、公路、橋梁、邊坡、災害。 |
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| 莫拉克颱風為台灣帶來前所未有的超大雨量，造成台灣中南部家園遭受山崩、土石流及洪水吞噬，滅村、孤島、斷橋等災情使全國近於緊急狀態。面對災難的同時，各地的救災工作如火如荼的展開。無奈因山崩、土石流及洪水等影響，公路系統多處有路基流失、坍方、橋梁中斷等災害發生，使各地之交通系統呈現癱瘓，救援物資無法順利送抵災區。交通系統在救災工作上扮演著不可或缺的角色，本文以莫拉克颱風受災最嚴重的高屏溪流域為例，探討公路系統橋梁及邊坡的各種災害原因，提供後續復建及新建工程之參考。 |
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| Morakot typhoon with the unprecedented large rainfall, resulted in central and southern Taiwan regions suffered from landslides, debris flow and floods inundation. Transport system plays a crucial role in the relief work of disaster. However, the breakage and damage of bridges and roads paralyzed the transportation system in some region hit by this natural adversity. It seriously delayed the operation of relief work. This article presents the damage states of bridges and slopes of highway system in Kao-Ping River Basin that has admitted the most damage from this disaster. Factors of causing the damage of bridges and slopes were explored as the references of future rehabilitation and reconstruction works. |
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| Analysis and Case Study of Highway Bridge Damage Caused by Typhoon Morakot |
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| 李維峰、鄭世豪、高邦基、李宗霖 |
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| 莫拉克颱風、公路橋梁、土石流沖刷、洪水沖刷。 |
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| 2009年8月6日莫拉克颱風(Morakot Typhoon)橫掃全台，除在各地創下歷史新高之雨量記錄外，造成之公路橋梁斷橋數量亦為歷史之最，其中尤以中南部地區受創程度最為嚴重。由於台灣地形險峻，當颱風挾帶豪大雨量，侵襲陡峭和不穩定邊坡而崩塌後，大量土石及漂流木伴隨洪水沖刷跨河橋梁，將造成橋梁與道路嚴重毀損，導致交通中斷，進而影響復修搶救工作。因此，本文藉由莫拉克颱風造成之橋梁災害的統計和案例分析，彙整各流域之橋梁破壞模式和所具之土石流及沖刷危害潛勢。冀能提供未來學術研究和橋梁工程設計及災後復建規劃之參考，以提升橋梁之耐土石流及洪水沖刷能力。 |
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| On June August 2006, Typhoon Morakot invaded Taiwan island wide. Besides the record-breaking rainfall, Typhoon Morakot caused the most serious highway bridge damages ever, especially in central and southern Taiwan. With the steep rise and sink in geography, Taiwan is often seriously affected when huge amount of rainfall comes with typhoons that erode cliffy, unsteady hillsides to bring collapse resulting in volumes of mudflows and drift wood accompanied with bridge-scouring floods. It brings about acute harm to bridges and roads to induce traffic interruption, and further it impedes repair work. For this reason, this study applies the statistics of bridge damages and case analysis in Typhoon Morakot and synthesizes the various bridge damage models and their potentiality of flood scouring hazard. This research expects to provide references for future academic researches, bridge engineering design and post-disaster reconstruction in order to enhance bridge endurance of mudflows and flood scouring. |
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| Case Study of Severe Debris Flow Hazard Caused by Typhoon Morakot, 2009 |
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| 林美聆、王國隆、陳天健、林聖琪 |
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| 土石流災害、案例分析、莫拉克颱風。 |
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| 民國98年8月8日莫拉克颱風及所引進之西南氣流三天累積雨量高達2860mm，造成南部地區嚴重之坡地災害。本研究選取對社區造成重大衝擊之土石流災害案例進行調查與致災原因分析。相關成果可提供防制二次災害，災害之預防與減災策略之參考。本研究所選取之案例包括：高雄縣那瑪夏鄉南沙魯、瑪雅、及達卡努瓦村，高雄縣六龜鄉新開、新發地區，及台南縣南化鄉玉山村羌黃坑。 |
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| Typhoon Morakot struck southern Taiwan on August, 8, 2009 with high rainfall intensity and accumulated rainfall as high as 2860 mm for 72 hours. Severe landslide and debris flow hazards were induced. The debris flow cases resulted in severe impact to local community were selected for case study, for which field investigation and analysis were conducted. Results of this study provide information and suggestions for mitigation of secondary hazards, hazard reduction and drafting of mitigation strategy. The debris flow cases selected in this research are Nanshalu, Maya, and Dakanuwa villages of Namasha township, Shinkai and Shinfa areas of Liugui township, Kaohsiung county, and Chianghuangkern of Nanhua township, Tainan county. |
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| Field Exploration and Numerical Analysis for the Case of Rainfall Induced Landslide in Cau-Pin Area by Typhoon Morakot |
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| 鄭清江、譚志豪、鍾明劍、李錦發、費立沅 |
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| 莫拉克颱風、降雨引致災害、邊坡崩塌勘查、邊坡穩定數值分析。 |
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| 本文除對這次莫拉克颱風引發之高屏地區邊坡崩塌勘查資料作彙整報導外，並透過這次颱風期間之降雨入滲、雨水滲流、地下水變動、地層孔隙水壓變化及地層位移之模擬成果，探討完整之水文地質穩定分析案例。勘查路線包括高雄縣旗山溪與荖濃溪流域，主要道路則有台20、台27、台27甲線、高128及高130縣道。災害類型主要包括：道路與河岸邊坡崩坍，另有多處大型土石崩落與土石流災害。案例分析部分係以經濟部中央地質調查所委託中興工程顧問社於寶隆崩塌地（高128縣道）案例為例作說明，此案例透過詳實之現地鑽探、調查與試驗成果建置水文地質概念模型，再以GeoStudioTM進行模擬分析，模式分析之正確性係透過現場監測值進行驗證。驗證成果顯示此模式已可擬合颱風前之常時水位且掌握莫拉克颱風期間水位抬升的型態，進而可評估其穩定性及變形性。 |
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| This paper present the field exploration of the hazards of rainfall induced landslides by the Typhoon Morakot in Kao-Pin area, and the hydro-geological numerical simulation analysis for an integrity monitoring case study on the infiltration, seepage, groundwater variation, pore water pressure change and displacement of the slope land. The exploration routes are along the Chishan river and Laonong river watershed in Kaohsiung County. The main routes included are Route 20, Route 27, Route 27 A and county road No. 128 and No. 130. Type of disasters include: the landslides along road and river banks, and several large-scale rock falls and debris flows. The case study presented refers to the project on the landslide site of Baolong near to the local road No. 128, which was conducted by Sinotech Engineering Consultants Inc. and commissioned by Central Geological Survey, MOEA. For the numerical analysis, the program GeoStudioTM was used, and SEEP / W, SLOPE / W and SIGMA / W modules are applied. An integrated field investigation and test results, as well as on-site monitoring value are used and comparisons are made. The results show that the model of analysis fits the lifting state of water level in the period of typhoon Morakot. Furthermore, it may also appraise the performance of slope stability and deformation. |
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| The Catastrophic 1999 Tsaoling and 2009 Hsiaoling Landslides: Preliminary Study from 3-D Distinct Element Modeling |
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| 唐昭榮、胡植慶、羅佳明、林銘郎 |
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| 離散元素法、滑行距離、PFC、草嶺山崩、小林村山崩。 |
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| 本文主要是利用三維顆粒體離散元素之PFC3D軟體，深入探討草嶺於1999年因集集地震所誘發之山崩行為，並初步應用相關方法模擬2009年莫拉克颱風引致之小林村遽變式山崩事件過程。研究顯示，當集集地震導致草嶺地區順向坡滑動面之臨界滑移弱化滑動面強度，造成其殘餘摩擦係數接近0.05時，崩解之塊體才具有足夠的動能越過清水溪至倒交山位置。其最快的塊體移動速度約每秒70公尺，顆粒最遠滑行移動接近3,500公尺，整個山崩過程約160秒。而小林村初步模擬結果顯示，小林村於山崩觸發後的60秒，部份房舍可能已遭崩落的土石所掩蓋或推移至對岸；而土石滑動速度最快可達每秒50公尺，且其動能足以到達旗山溪主流之左岸(小林村對岸)，並於旗山溪近小林村區域形成堰塞湖。就遽變式山崩之災害評估而言，未來三維顆粒體離散元素法配合山崩潛勢分析，可提供了解山崩之可能運動過程和推估遽變式山崩之影響範圍。 |
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| In this study, we used 3D distinct element method (PFC3D) with granular particle assemblage to simulate kinematic process and mechanics of two catastrophic landslides in Taiwan; one was the Tsaoling landslide induced by 1999 Chi-Chi Earthquake and the other was recent Hsiaoling landslide induced by 2009 Morakot Typhoon. When the residual friction coefficient of Tsaoling landslide is equal or less than 0.05 after a critical displacement due to the Chi-Chi earthquake, the landslide block can move across the Chinshui River and deposit on Diagiaoshan. The predicted maximum velocity is greater than 70 m/sec and the longest runout distance of the particle is about 3,500 m. According to the 3D numerical simulation, Hsiaoling village might be buried in 60 seconds after the Shamdushan landslide. The predicted maximum velocity is about 50 m/sec and the debris could reach to the other side of the Chishan River. Consequently a dammed lake was formed in the Chishan River. From the viewpoint of the assessment of catastrophic landslides, and the 3-D discrete element together cooperate with the analysis of sensibility of landslide potential is a potential tool to elucidate the mechanics and kinematics of landslide process and impact area induced by gigantic landslide events. |
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| 潘國樑 |
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| 高雄縣小林村在今（民國98）年八月八日莫拉克颱風時遭受埋村的大災難，其原因安在？曾經引起很多專家學者及一般人的興趣。經過多方面蒐集照片、影像、及現場踏勘之後，作者對其發生的來龍去脈已經可以相當掌握了。茲以此篇短文來說明，以饗讀者。 |
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http://www.geotech.org.tw/uploads/JOURNALCORRECT_PAGE/莫拉克颱風主要地工災情分布圖.pdf
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