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第68期 |
林肯大郡災變 |
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田永銘 |
1998/08/01 |
90 |
無庫存
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| THE EMERGENCY RESPONSE DURING LINCOLN COMMUNITY DISASTER |
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| 田永銘 |
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| 坡地災害、災害搜救、緊急應變 |
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| 1997年8月18日溫妮颱風襲台，林肯大郡因集中豪雨引發山崩，社區內部分建築物遭崩塌土石撞擊造成28人罹難、80戶住宅倒塌的慘劇。此一災變事件對社會造成極大的震撼亦喚起國人對山坡地住宅安全問題的重視。本文主要在介紹林肯大郡災變發生後搜救行動中所採取的緊急應變措施及災後為防止安珀颱風造成二次災變所進行的各項防災措施。經由檢討林肯大郡搜救行動的優缺點，期望慘痛的教訓能有助於未來在處理類似災變的應變能力，使救災工作更具時效、更為順暢。 |
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| Slope failure in Lincoln community was triggered by heavy rainfalls during Typhoon Winnie attacked Taiwan on 18 August 1997. The slope failure killed 28 persons and destroyed 80 houses. This disaster attracted the public attention on the safty problem of slopeland area. This paper presents the emergency respsonse during rescue mission and the treatments to prevent the secondary disaster might be induced by the next typhoon. |
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| CASE STUDY ON ENGINEERING GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE DISASTERS AT LINCOLN COUNTY |
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| 孫思優、黃進淇、許永松、陳家駿、陳國華、傅建華、王文祥 |
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| 工程地質調查、順向坡、崩塌 |
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| 林肯大郡基地經地表地質調查結果為具順向坡特性之地質敏感區，再由工程地質評估檢討得知其地工措施並未針對地質條件辦理規劃設計，採坡地開挖坡腳及谷地高填方的高風險方式開發，以致分別發生災變區及危石區岩坡崩塌，以及高填方區具有差異沉陷及擋土牆穩定性不足之虞，急需由專業人員進一步辦理補強設計及施作。 |
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| According to geological survey and evaluation results of the Linken County Neighborhood（hereinafter refers to as “Neighborhood”）, it is studied and judged that the geological conditions of the Neighborhood belongs to geological sensitive area with dip slope, furthermore, the geotechnical design and planing of this County did not aim directly at the geotechnical conditions. The risky geotechnical treatment such as cut slopes and filled in the valley were adopted which caused the collapse in dip slope area, and differential settlement and unstable retaining wall in the filled area also. So, that the reinforcement design by professional engineers and emergency treatment should be adopted as soon as possible. |
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| INVESTIGATION OF THE CAUSES FOR THE LINCOLN RESIDENCE’S DISASTER |
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| 陳堯中、廖洪鈞、林宏達、陳志南 |
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| 林肯大郡，順向坡，邊坡破壞，地錨 |
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| 本文說明汐止林肯大郡邊坡滑動原因之鑑定方式及結果，鑑定方式包括現場勘察、資料收集、地錨取樣測試、地質鑽探調查及邊坡穩定分析等。鑑定結果顯示，本次災變發生主要為砂頁岩互層之順向坡山體，因地質調查不實，坡腳遭開挖，加上擋土護坡設計及地錨施工有缺失，乃至於在溫妮颱風帶來大量雨水入滲後之地下水壓力作用下，擋土牆及地錨無法支撐岩體下滑力量而產生順向坡滑動。 |
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| This paper presents the investigation methods and results of the causes for Lincoln residence’s disaster. The investigation includes the site inspection, information collection, anchor testing, geological exploration, and slope stability analysis. According to the investigation, the Lincoln residence’s disaster induced by a dip slope failure. The toe of the dip slope was excavated. The design and construction of the retaining structure and anchoring system was inappropriate. Due to Wenny Typhoon’s heavy rainfall, ground water pressure increased and resulted in the slope failure. |
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| POST LINCOLN COMMUNITY DISASTER RETROSPECTION AND REMEDY PROPOSAL |
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| 廖瑞堂、周功台 |
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| 坍塌，強度參數，地下水位 |
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| 林肯大郡北側邊坡之坍塌災變，係諸多不利因素及人為疏失同時發生在該災區所導致，原是一場可以避免的不幸事件，本文從進一步的調查及試驗結果，說明災變原因與強度參數取捨及地下水位假設不當有直接的關係，希望此次的不幸事件，能帶給工程人員更多的省思與警惕，更盼相同的錯誤及疏失不要再次的發生，本文最後針對災變原因提出本坍塌區之整治處理建議，該建議僅係代表筆者之意見，提供各界討論及參考。 |
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| The compound of many adverse factors and wrong doings has caused the landslide disaster,though basically avoidable, at the north part of Lincoln Community. Paired with test results, advanced investigation indicates that the disastrous landslide relates directly to some inadequate strength parameters and deficient assumptions for groundwater level. This article discusses the major causes of the calamitous landslide,hoping to evoke more retrospection and alertness in the engineering field. The authors endeavor to prevent similar wrong doings in the future. The remedy proposal stands for a personal view of the authors; however, it may also serve as a reverence measure and a discussion object for the public. |
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| SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION SAFTY ASSESSMENT OF LANDSLIDE DISASTER IN LINCOLN RESIDENTIAL COMMUNITY, SHIJR, TAIPEI, TAIWAN. |
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| 鄭麗瓊、陳熊光 |
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| 水土保持、安全評估、整地、箱涵、植生、沖蝕、災變 |
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近年來，全省各地坡地社區災害可說屢見不鮮，然而健忘的國人每不以為意，致使慘劇一再重演。86年8月18日溫妮颱風造成林肯大郡災變，震驚國人，引發各縣市政府積極辦理坡地社區安全檢查，而檢查結果安全上有問題的，多因水土保持處理不善所致。因此，特以林肯大郡災後水土保持安全評估實例，摘要簡述，呈獻國人，以發深省，以為前鑑。
林肯大郡基地位於汐止鎮，原為一山谷地形，後經人為整地，原山溝已被箱涵所取代，並將地表逕流經由箱涵導至下游北港溪中排放。本安全評估內容係針對水土保持設施做現況調查研析，進而探討本次災變原因，藉由現場植生、邊坡處理、基地排水、土壤沖蝕評估等現況調查，配合岩石弱面之理論分析，推演出本次災變後之張力裂隙及原山溝之暴雨量，可能造成該基地潛在變因，實有必要加以追蹤調查。 |
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In recent years, disasters in slopeland communities have repeatedly occurred in Taiwan. Despite these accidents, the residents of Taiwan have ignored the warning of these accidents. Typhoon Winnie, August 18,1997, trigged disastrous landslide at the Lincoln Residential Community, The Catastrophe at the Lincoln Residential Community has finally focused the national attention on the problematic slopeland housing developments of Taiwan. After safety inspections of the hillside developments, the county governments have concluded that the main source of the safety problem lies within improper soil and water conservation. The goal of this aftermath report, on the soil and water conservation safety assessment of the Lincoln Residential Community, is to invoke a national awareness on the importance of proper soil and water conservation.
The Lincoln Residential Community is situated in the township of Shijr, Taipei. This site was originally a valley. After heavy earthwork, the original valley waterway was replaced by a system of culverts to convey the water to Pei-kung Creek. This safety assessment investigates the cause of the disaster by focusing on the soil and water conservation that was done on the Lincoln housing site. It also further investigates the possibility of future disaster at the Lincoln site through the landslide analysis and data collected from on site analysis (vegetation, slopeland stabilization, drainage systems, soil erosion assessment, etc.) |
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| THE CAUSALITY OF THE CATASTROPHIC ROCK SLIDE IN LINCOLN RESIDENCE, TAIPEI COUNTY |
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| 紀宗吉、林朝宗、劉桓吉 |
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| 林肯大郡、順向坡、山崩災害 |
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| 86年8月18日上午八時許，適逢溫妮颱風侵襲，並挾帶非常豐沛的雨量，位在汐止鎮林肯大郡社區後方的邊坡突然滑動，瞬時之間，造成房屋80戶全毀、20戶半毀，居民死傷近百人的重大慘劇。本次地層滑動的方式是沿著頁岩間的頁理面滑動，根據現場滑動的特徵，又可以分為二個滑動塊體，二個滑動塊體均位在同一底滑動面上，滑動的方向為南偏東10度。滑動區的地質是屬中新世石底層近底部的岩段，由頁岩、砂岩及砂、頁岩薄葉互層所構成。從滑動的材料以及滑動面的特徵與坡型的關係，此次發生的是屬於順向坡平面型滑動；而造成如此巨大的地質災變，除了對地質條件未能重視外，工程規劃設計的諸多缺失實為主因，其原因大致可歸納如下：1.滑動區屬於標準的順向坡地形，過去已有類似的滑動情形發生；2.邊坡的坡腳遭挖除，岩體的滑動面出露，在支撐力不足下，造成地層的滑動；3.擋土牆、地錨保護結構設計，深度與密度不足，逐漸失去功能；4.地下水無法有效排出，造成地下水壓升高、頁岩軟化，頁岩的抗剪強度降低；5.建築物配置與擋土牆安全距離不足；6.建築物配置方向與地層走向相近，破壞最大。 |
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| The intense rainfall associated with Typhoon Winny, passing through northern Taiwan in August 18, 1997, triggered a fatal rock slide disaster in Lincoln residence, Taipei County. The slope failure destroyed and damaged 100 houses located in downslope area. 28 lives were killed and 50 injured by the collapsed buildings. The failed slope is comprised of the Miocene Shiti Formation, which is mainly composed of alternation of the sandstone and shale with the bedding plane dipping 30 degree downslope. The planar failure occurred along bedding plane and a huge slab of rock with 150m (Length) X 58m (Width) X 10m (Thickness) in size moved downslope rapidly. The moved slab was also separated into two halves by an extensional joint trending perpendicular to the strike of bedding plane during the movement. The main causalities of the catastrophe can be mainly attributed to the improper design of the housing project. First of all, the designers ignored the geological conditions of the unstable dip-slope consisting of bedded sedimentary rocks with weak bedding planes. The supporting material had been unwisely removed from the toe of the slope during construction at the base of the slope. After the intense rainfall, the high water pressure accumulated behind the retaining wall and decreased the friction of the bedding plane. The strength of retaining wall and anchors been set on the slope are insufficient to retain the unstable block from downslope movement. |
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| THE EXPLORATION OF SAFETY OF BUILDING STRUCTURES AFTER THE CATASTROPHE OF LINCOLN VILLAGE |
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| 蔡水旺、邱輝煌、劉賢淋、柯鎮洋 |
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| 結構安全度，裂損，耐震強度，基礎穩定性，北港溪，基隆斷層 |
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「天有不測風雲，人有旦夕禍福」對一般人而言或許僅是一句掛在嘴邊上的「俗語」，然對林肯大郡的住戶而言，卻是一句十足貼切的「警語」。民國八十六年八月十八日由於溫妮颱風所帶來的一場豪雨，造成建築物倒塌、人員死亡，坡地建築物安全頓時成為全國人民最關切的事，當然林肯大郡現存建築物結構安全度更成為林肯大郡居民最迫切知道的事。本文首先描述金龍特區(一~五區)建築物目前之損害狀況及立面傾斜情形，隨後說明建築物之耐震強度分析依據及結果。
鑑於基礎穩定性關係著整體建築物之安全，本文亦對建物在不同水位及地震力作用下作一詳細分析。此外由於考量緊鄰建物之其他結構物及基底土質狀況將影響建築物之安全，於此亦有專節探討。
最後綜合上述建築物之裂損現況及各種分析成因，作一建築物安全性整體評估，結果顯示建築物雖受同一災變之洗禮，但因建築物本身之結構與基礎型態之不同，其評估所得之安全度亦將有所不同。 |
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| In this Article the damage conditions and vertical inclination of the buildings at Lincoln Village, and the seismic resistant capacities of building structure after seismic risk will be described. Due to the safety of building structure closely related to the foundation by the different water levels, by induction of earthquake input and by the different underground soil profiles. Finally, based upon the damage conditions of the building structure, geologic survey and geotectonic analysis of soil profiles, It can be concluded that the degree of safety of building structures after the disaster is closely related to the type of foundation used and the ductility of structure themselves. |
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| GEOTECHNICAL ISSUES OF LAND DEVELOPMENT ON SLOPE - STUDY OF LINCOLN COMMUNITY |
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| 劉泉枝、鄭豫謹、林衍竹、周功台 |
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| 林肯大郡，回填覆蓋土層，沉陷，穩定性 |
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| 本文藉林肯大郡整體社區現況及地層分佈，說明坡地開發可能遭遇之工程問題。依實際地層調查與現場踏勘結果顯示，林肯社區除具順向坡地質特性之外，局部區域擁有深厚之回填覆蓋土層，衍生之工程問題包含沉陷、土層及擋土牆穩定、建物承受側向偏壓、表土沖刷、山谷地下水滲流等。此外地權上之限制，引致上邊坡及山谷集水範圍截排水系統建立困難，及下邊坡地界外之開墾開挖引致地層不穩定問題，亦為坡地開發所應正視之課題。嚴謹之施工計畫及施工管理，則為坡地開發不可或缺之條件，以免設計時安全性之考量，最後均被施工揮霍一空。 |
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| This article discusses the geotechnical engineering concerns in the hilly land development, in light of the Lincoln Community case. The local geological conditions at Lincoln Community may be characterized by dip sloping and some local thick fill soils. Major engineering concerns include settlement, stability of soil layer and retaining structures, lateral pressure on buildings associated with differential elevations, fill soil erosion, and groundwater seepage along the valley. In addition, other issues are also crucial in land development on slopes, such as the difficulty in establishing breakwater and drainage system at the upper valley because of land ownership, and the slope instability caused by further land development at the lower slope. Appropriate development plan and detailed construction management are pivotal to successful land development on slopes. |
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