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| THE RELATIONSHIP ON THE GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT AND TRIGGERED MECHANISM OF DEBRIS FLOW |
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| 陳宏宇、蘇定義、陳琨銘 |
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| 地貌表徵、地質材料、機制、土石流 |
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| 本文從花蓮銅門村及南投信義鄉之兩個案例的航空照片判釋、地貌表徵、地質概況、地質材料特性以及穩定性分析等一系列的調查資料來瞭解土石流的發生機制。調查結果發現，在溝谷堆積之地質材料雖然不多，但在高降雨強度之下，上游溝谷兩側谷壁會產生崩塌，崩塌之土、石與水以及溝谷中已堆積之地質材料混合成土石流，一面順坡往下流動，一面持續淘挖、侵蝕中游谷壁兩側之坡體，並匯聚這些崩塌之土石方量繼續往下游流動而產生災害衝擊 |
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| Various investigated methods of aerial photographs, geomor-phological characteristics, geological condition, geomaterial properties and stability analysis were used to identify these hazardous mechanism by two debris flow cases in Tungmen, Hualien and Shing-Yi, Nantou. The investigation results demonstrated that these deposited materials were triggered and moved downward to the lower part of the gully by high intensity precipitation. These geomaterials coverged from the sidewall of the gully by cutting and erosion from the moving debris flow. |
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| MECHANISM OF DEBRIS FLOW OCCURRENCE |
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| 陳榮河 |
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| 土石流、發生機制 |
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| 土石流發生機制之研究，旨在釐清影響土石流發生之因子，進而從這些因子之綜合研判，以幫助擬定對土石流之防治對策。本文首先介紹土石流之特性、土石流發育過程之現象，以及土石流發生之基本條件及促發條件。基本條件包括土石來源、水文條件及地形條件，而誘發條件則包括土體崩塌、暴雨、人為破壞等。其次，再從學理觀點介紹四種典型之土石流型態及其發生機制，這四種型態為滑動型、潰埧型、沖蝕型及液化型。最後，並對國內外之相關研究，作一概略性的介紹，以供瞭解研究發展之情形 |
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| Understanding the mechanism of debris flow occurrence will be helpful to clarify the factors inducing debris flows, and to propose counter measures. This paper introduces the characteristics and developing process of debris flows, as well as the favorable conditions for debris flow mobilization. Besides, four types of debris flows and their mechanisms are described in detail. The research in this area is also introduced. |
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| THE EFFECTS OF SURFACE RUNOFF AND GROUND WATER ON THE OCCURRENCE OF DEBRIS FLOW |
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| 林美聆、王幼行 |
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| 土石流，水流模式，破壞型態 |
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| 本文以水槽物理模型試驗，探求不同之供水模式對土石流發生之影響。供水模式一由水槽頂端供水，以印證高橋(Takahashi)的理論以逕流所增加之剪切力引起土體推移滑動。另一由水槽底部供水，即印證地下水由土體底部破碎之岩盤湧升，導致孔隙水壓快速上升，誘發土石流產生的現象。試驗結果顯示，頂部供水時，土體破壞的主因為逕流的沖刷、侵蝕。而由底部供水時，產生較大規模的破壞，破壞的主因為孔隙水壓上升，有效應力降低所致。而不同供水型態之破壞特徵，可提供為驗證現地土石流破壞型態之參考依據 |
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| The objective of this paper is to explore the effects of different modes of water supply on the occurrence of debris flow. The physical model was used with water supplied from the upstream tank to simulate surface runoff, and with water supplied from hoses in the base to simulate the upwelling of ground water. It is found that the debris flow caused by surface runoff has a smaller scale and behaves more like erosion process. The debris flow caused by upwelling of ground water has massive movement and is induced by lowering of effective stress. The characteristics of the two different modes can be used to verify the field conditions with enough field evidences |
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| THE CRITICAL RAINFALL LINE OF DEBRIS FLOW OCCURRENCE AT FENG-CHIOU |
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| 范正成、吳明峰、彭光宗 |
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| 土石流、臨界降雨線、洪水消退係數 |
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本文以豐丘土石流為案例，研究一級溪流土石流發生臨界降雨線之設定方法，其中包括新方法之提出，及其與傳統方法之比較。
土石流發生臨界降雨線為預警系統警報發佈之重要依據，傳統的研究藉由有效降雨強度及有效累積降雨量之關係，設定大面積流域之臨界降雨線；本研究則針對一級溪流預警系統之需要，考慮洪水消退係數之影響，建立有效累積降雨量及降雨延時之關係，探討豐丘地區土石流發生臨界降雨線之設定方法，以期能為一級溪流土石流預警基準提供較佳之依據。 |
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In this study, Feng-Chiou was selected as a site to investigate the methods for establishing the critical rainfall line of debris flow occurrence of first order streams. The methods presented in this study consisted of the proposed method and the conventional methods. These methods were also compared in this study.
The critical rainfall line of the debris flow occurrence is the foundation of the warning system of debris flow. In the conventional method, the critical rainfall line is determined by using the relationship between effective rainfall intensity and effective cumulative rainfall amount, which is applied on large area basins. In the proposed method, the critical rainfall line is determined by using the relationship between effective cumulative rainfall amount and duration, which can be applied on first order streams. In the proposed method, recession coefficient is considered. Using the proposed method, Feng-Chiou was selected as a site and the critical rainfall line of debris flow occurrence of the site was then established. The new method is expected to be a better basis for the warning system of the debris flow of first order streams. |
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| ESTIMATION OF DEBRIS FLOW POTENTIAL HAZARD AREA BY NUMERICAL MODELING |
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| 劉格非、楊茂榮 |
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| 土石流危險區，數值模擬 |
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| 隨著台灣山坡地之開發，土石流之災害危機將快速上升。因此將有土石流潛在危險之地區劃分出來是一項重要工作，但要推估土石流之影響範圍，如何計算其流動能力是一項重要因子，本文利用非線性之本構關係與流體守衡定律，得出一套可利用於現場之數值模式，模式中各參數之檢定方法亦可利用簡易之現場測量法來推估。室內試驗與模式驗證非常吻合。 |
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| The development of slope land in Taiwan is rapidly growing, so is the potential hazard for debris flow. Therefore, identification of these potential hazard area will be an important task. The flowbility of debris flow is a control factor in estimation these area. This paper develops a numerical model utilizing nonlinear constitutive relationship and fluid conservation laws. Model can be used in field and the values of all parameters used in the model can be obtained through simple in situ tests. Results from numerical modeling fits those from flume tests very well |
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| A REVIEW OF THE DELIMITATION OF DANGEROUS ZONE ON DEBRIS FLOW FAN |
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| 游繁結、連惠邦 |
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| 土石流扇狀地、土石流錐、危險區劃定、特定水土保持區 |
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| 本文從土石流扇狀地的形成過程，論述其地形特徵、成災模式及堆積機制，以解析土石流扇狀地的堆積及發展趨勢。同時為有效治理與管理土石流扇狀地的危險區，以減少或避免災害發生，針對其劃定為特定水土保持區的技術原則加以評論，並提出建議。 |
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| This paper introduces the formation of debris flow fan according to the mechanism of deposition from debris flow . And the developing process of debris flow fan, which is influenced by geomorphological factors , damaging scales and depositing conditions , is discussed in order to grasp the dangerous zone. Meanwhile, the technical principles for the delimitation of dangerous zone as the designation area of soil and water conservation also are mentioned for management and protection to minimize or avoid the risk of debris flow. |
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| THE IMPACT FORCE AND COUNTERMEASURE STRUCTURES OF DEBRIS FLOW |
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| 林炳森、林基源 |
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| 土石流、衝擊力、防治工法 |
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| 土石流的破壞力來自其大量的土砂與快速運動衝力，其衝擊力包含土石流流體動壓力與巨礫的撞擊力兩部份。土石流防治工法乃針對如何減少土砂量與降低土石流運動衝力而考量，上游發生區以抑制土石材料來源與避免土石發生流動為目的，中游流動區除避免土石流材料加入外並以攔阻及減緩土石流流速，使土水分離為目的，下游堆積區則以防止土石堆積造成災害為目的。本省以往土石流防治工法中之攔阻工法以非透過性防砂壩為主，近來有逐漸考慮採用透過性防砂壩之趨勢。 |
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| The destruction of debris flow comes from its containing a lot of granular soilds and also its quick movement. Fluid pressure and impact of large boulders are two factors contributing to the impact force in its quick movement. The countermeasure structures of debris flow are built to reduce the amount of debris and slow down the velocity of its movement. On the upper section of the stream, the structures are to reduce the amount of debris and avoid transformation of debris flow. On the middle stream, the structures are to retain and slow down the debris flow. On the lower part of the stream, the structures serve as a way of eliminating damages from accumulation. In Taiwan, the closed-type of sabo dams are mainly used as the retaining method of countermeasures. However, the open-type of the permeable dams have been gradually increasingly adopted in recent years. |
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| THE THEORY AND WAYS OF APPLICATION OF THE STG CLAY-BASED GROUTING METHOD IN TUNNELING |
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| YURI N. SPICHAK著、胡邵敏(譯) |
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本文係由烏克蘭國家院士Yuri N. Spichak 教授所作，授權譯者翻譯成中文刊於「地工技術」內。文章內容主要介紹STG公司之泥基灌漿工法、原理及應用在台灣坪林隧道、三號豎井及新永春隧道湧水處理建議。
STG泥基灌漿工法具一貫之地層調查、動態水文探測、灌漿範圍、施灌量、灌漿壓力及漿液配比等各項計算和設計程序。本工法強調施灌應於隧道鑽掘之前先行抑制湧水量，與現時之湧水發生後始作止水灌漿之止水觀念截然不同。Spichak教授(與美國MK公司合作)曾在坪林隧道工作近一年，對該處之水文地質情況有深入瞭解，所提之建議頗值得各界參考。
文內之數學式甚為繁複，然而其背境及推導過程，亦未見交代或說明，作者表示此部份為STG公司之know-how應予保留，此點亦與歐美之文章風格有異，譯者只能照本翻譯，讓讀者自行尋幽探祕。上(七)月底，Spichak教授及其同僚Polozov教授及Novik博士(DMC公司)應邀來台主講「山岳隧道水文地質探查及止水技術」研習會(由中興工程顧問社及中華民國隧道協會主辦)，其英文講義(共156頁)與本文內容性質相同，但更為詳盡。有興趣之讀者，不妨進一步參考該研習會講義。 |
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| SAFETY INVESTIGATION AND EVALUATION OF OLD WHARVES |
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| 李延恭、蘇吉立 |
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| 老舊碼頭，現地調查，監測系統，穩定性分析 |
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碼頭設施一般由混凝土、鋼材、砂石級配等材料所構成，經過長期外力荷重作用後，碼頭結構可能發生變形、損壞或位移，因此須定期對碼頭結構進行安全調查及評估。
本研究擬就老舊碼頭現地安全調查及評估方法進行研討，並就部份老舊碼頭實地調查及埋設監測儀器長期監測結果提出探討，希望能提供建立碼頭安全調查方法及評估作業程序之參考。 |
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Harbor facilities are generally constructed of concrete, steel, earth, and rock materials. All of these materials deteriorate or may experience movement due to specific loading condition over time. Periodical inspection of these structures is required.
An old wharf was investigated and studied. The purpose of this paper is trying to establish a general rule or procedure for the investigation and evaluation of the safety of harbor structures. |
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