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| ENGINEERING CHARACTERISTICS OF ROCKS OF THE VARIOUS GEOLOGIC PROVINCES OF TAIWAN |
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| 方中權 |
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| 台灣地質分區，板塊構造，工程特性。 |
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| 臺灣之地質依其因板塊作用、岩層及大地構造條件，區分為七個地質區。因地質條件各異，工程性質亦不同，本文自板塊學說為出發點，討論各區之沉積環境及構造演變。 |
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| . The Island of Taiwan is divided into 7 geological provinces, based on plate tectonic characteristics, lithological formations and structural configurations. These differences are manifested upon differences in large-scale engineering properties. |
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| NEOTECTONICS AND SEISMIC HAZARD OF TAIWAN |
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| 盧佳遇 鄭富書 張國楨 |
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| 新地體構造，台灣，地震災害，斜聚合，逆衝斷層，集集地震。 |
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| 台灣島的新地體構造主要是受到新生代以來歐亞板塊與菲律賓海板塊的斜聚合導致的蓬萊造山運動所控制。除了斜聚合的機制之外，台灣西部前陸的構造亦顯著的受到後座體與構造高區形狀的影響。我們利用砂盒模型實驗來模擬台灣西部的新地體構造。顯示構造的運動方式主要包含了壓縮、旋轉、與伸張的組合，導致地區性逆衝與橫移運動不同比例的分配。921地震所帶來的地震災害讓我們有機會重新學習與驗證以往對於台灣造山帶的變形機制的認識，並對可能會發生的地震災害加以評估。本文由野外的觀察配合砂盒實驗的結果來探討這個主題。 |
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| Neotectonics of Taiwan is mainly controlled by the oblique convergence between the Eurasian plate and the Philippine Sea plate. In addition to this oblique convergence mechanism, the shape of the backstop and structural highs significantly influences most of the foreland structures. Sandbox experiments have been conducted to simulate the neotectonics of western Taiwan. The kinematics of deformation comprises a combination of compression, rotation and extension, which results in a local partitioning between thrusting and strike-slip movements. Most of the deformation in association with the 921 Taiwan earthquakes appears to be indicated by such a deformation mechanism. |
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| THE ACTIVE FAULT STUDY IN TAIWAN |
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| 張徽正 盧詩丁 |
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| 活動斷層、地震、臺灣。 |
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| 雖然臺灣位處環太平洋地震帶上，地震頻仍，在歷史上亦有多次災害性地震的記錄，但活動斷層研究過去在臺灣並未受到相當的重視，並未有系統地針對活動斷層作深入地研究調查，相關的資訊還不是十分充足，隨著九二一地震的發生，許多人力及資源相繼投入活動斷層的研究，期望藉著這些計畫的積極推動，未來對於活動斷層機制能有更深的了解，進而能達成地震減災的目的。 |
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| Taiwan is located in the Circum-Pacific Belt and suffered many hazardous earthquakes in the historical time. However, systematic study on active faults has not been made intensively. The data on the slip rates and recurrences of the active faults in Taiwan are still not fully available. Several projects have been already launched by now and after the 1999 Chi-chi earthquake more resources could be allocated to the earthquake-related research. We hope these projects will result in reducing earthquake risk in the near future. |
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| REMOTE SENSING IN ENGINEERING GEOLOGY IN TAIWAN |
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| 潘國樑 吳水吉 劉進金 |
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| 遙測科技、發展沿革、工程地質應用、未來展望。 |
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| 遙測具有視域廣闊、資訊豐富及定期、定點觀測等多項優點，頗適合應用於地學的調查研究。
我國於民國65年即成立遙測技術發展策劃小組，負責遙測科技發展的政策擬訂及審議；民國73年設立太空及遙測研究中心；民國82年建立資源衛星地面接收站；民國88年元月更發射中華衛星一號，使我國躍升為遙測資訊的發送國。
遙測科技在國內早已應用於工址及鐵、公路路廊的地質災害如山崩、土石流、活動斷層、水土流失、海岸變遷等調查研究，並已取得許多成就。未來更宜擴大其應用面於大面積的編圖(國土調查)、動態的監測及地質災害的預測，同時應與地理資訊系統相結合，以倍增雙方的長處與功能。
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| . Not very long after the launch of Landsat-1 in 1972, Taiwan established a task force to promote the research and development of remote sensing technology in 1976. Eight years later, a satellite imagery receiving station was set up in the National Central University. Then in 1999, Taiwan launched the ROC-1 satellite. Therefore, the procurement of satellite imagery in Taiwan is very convenient.
Remote sensing techniques have provide an invaluable source data for the reconnaissance and feasibility stages of engineering geology projects. Remote sensing imagery (including satellite images and aerial photographs) has been successfully applied in the mapping of geologic hazards, study of active faults, monitoring of shoreline change and assessment of soil erosion in Taiwan. |
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| ENGINEERING GEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TAIWAN LANDSLIDES |
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| 陳宏宇 |
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| 山崩、地貌表徵、地質材料。 |
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| 大約占有75%比例山坡地的台灣本島，近幾年來，山崩的頻率似乎是有隨著地區的開發而有上昇的趨勢。發生山崩的最主要因素，是由其周遭地質環境的影響所造成。因此，本文便以本島內過去所發生過的幾件重大山崩案例作為探討的主題，希望能從山崩破壞中之各項地貌表徵、地質材料組成、地質構造延伸、水文地質條件以及地質作用等各項因子，來剖析其真正發生崩坍的機制。 |
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| Taiwan is approximately 75% mountainous. The number of landslides has been rising in recent years due to the development and new construction in the mountainous areas. The major factors causing landslides are the geological environmental reasons as they relate to the development efforts in the mountainous area. This paper chose several landslide cases for discussion. The purpose of this topic is to increase dialogue and understanding about landslide mechanisms with respect to various geomorphologic feature, geomaterial composition, structural geology, hydrogeologic conditions and geologic processes. |
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| ENGINEERING GEOLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS OF TUNNELLING IN TAIWAN |
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| 孫荔珍 |
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| 隧道工程、新地體構造運動、工程地質、破壞模式。 |
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| 台灣位於活動新地體構造運動區域，配合地質年代較年輕的地層及豐沛的雨量，造就本省特殊的區域地質特性，本文簡述台灣山岳隧道工程地質特性及常見的隧道地質破壞模式，並建議針對未來克服山岳隧道困難地質條件之研究與探查方向。 |
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| Taiwan is located at an active neoteconics area , associated with young-aged strata and a large amount of annual rainfall to establish an unique geologic environment . This paper introduces the engineering geologic characteristics and failure modes of tunnelling in Taiwan , and some suggestions of future research and investigation for geologic difficulties of tunnelling are also mentioned. |
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| NEW EXPLORATION TO OLD PROBLEMS OF TUNNELING IN TAIWAN － THE MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTCS OF WEAK ROCK |
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| 鄭富書 黃燦輝 林銘郎 |
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| 隧道擠壓、軟岩、弱化、剪脹、潛變。 |
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| 台灣之隧道施工，常遭遇嚴重擠壓、抽心及剝落等災害，造成不必要之工程經費耗費及施工時間大幅拖延。針對隧道擠壓之工程災害，本文共蒐集4座國內隧道擠壓相關案例，對於擠壓段之主要岩性、覆蓋厚度、施工概況與處理方式等加以介紹。由於造成隧道擠壓問題之因素，可能係軟弱岩石之不良力學性質所致。因此本文整理歸納近年來軟弱岩石之力學研究結果，推斷軟弱岩石的遇水弱化行為、剪應力引致體積膨脹行為及顯著潛變行為，可能為導致岩石強度降低及大量的膨脹變形的主要因素。本文最後將實驗結果代入有限元素法中，進行隧道案例分析。由分析結果中可看出，當考慮此三種力學特性時，隧道變形量遠大於一般彈性或彈塑性之分析結果。由此可知，日後隧道設計、施工時，應對此三項力學特性仔細評估，以減少擠壓災害之產生。 |
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| In Taiwan, squeezing condition is encountered from time to time, especially while tunneling through weak rocks or faulted zone. This problem lasts over three decades, Based on experience of four squeezing tunnels in Taiwan, this paper investigates the phenomena and mechanism associated with tunnel squeezing with emphasis on the mechanical properties of rocks.Based on Jeng (1998), rocks with the following characteristics are most vulnerable to squeezing condition: wetting deterioration, shear dilation and creep of rock as well. These three mechanical characteristics of weak rock are presented in this paper. According to the experimental results, obvious strength reduction and excess deformation are observed. When these behaviors of rocks are incorporated into the analysis of tunneling, much more deformation is obtained, compared to the conventional elastic or elasto-plastic models. |
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| NEW DEVELOPMENTS ASSESSING MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FAULT GOUGES |
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| 林銘郎 鄭富書 翁作新 洪如江 |
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| 斷層泥、回脹、擠壓、過壓密、滯動、摩擦穩定、活斷層、斷層帶。 |
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當隧道施工通過斷層帶時，常因鑽開斷層泥構成之不透水帶造成高壓湧水、或由於斷層泥吸水弱化後發生擠壓造成大量變形，導致工程災害。斷層帶中包含被剪裂的岩塊及粉砂狀至黏土狀的斷層泥，後者係因劇烈剪切作用與裂隙水的物理及化學作用所形成。斷層泥係由高度剪動摩擦所形成，故具有硬黏土的基本特徵：具裂隙產狀、低滲透性、高度過壓密、高回脹潛能等力學性質。
本文比對國內外斷層泥之組成、力學性質及探討其對工程之影響。相較於國外，國內斷層泥中膨脹性粘土礦物成份極少；故國內隧道工程案例遭遇大量變形困難，應不是由斷層泥的化學性膨脹所造成，而是應力所造成之擠壓現象所導致。比對國內斷層泥力學回脹之行為，發現隨著過壓密比的增加，回脹係數隨之減小，二次回脹指數卻隨之增加之趨勢。斷層泥之回脹特性亦與取樣地點有關：隧道內取樣的斷層泥具有較高的回脹潛能，地表斷層泥則相當已經回脹後的地質材料。斷層泥的摩擦性質與剪動速率有關，於高速剪動下造成斷層泥殘餘剪力強度下降。此特性直接影響活斷層的摩擦穩定性，決定該斷層是否會孕育地震、或發生較為穩定的潛變。 |
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| Highly fractured rock blocks and fault gouge are the common materials found within a fault zone. Fault gouge is a fine soil with silt and clay particles, which is the product yielded by the physical and the chemical actions during the shearing process of the fault. As fault gouge has been severely sheared, it possesses poor permeability, over-consolidated behavior and has a high potential to dilate, when confining pressure is relieved, as well.The mechanical properties of the fault gouge sampled in Taiwan are analyzed and compared. It is found that fault gouge in Taiwan contains very little swelling clay minerals, e.g. montmorillonite. Therefore, the squeezing condition encountered in tunneling practice in Taiwan cannot be the consequence of chemical swelling but the mechanical swelling of the gouge instead. It is also observed that: the greater the OCR, the less the swelling index and the greater the secondary swelling index. Gouge sampled deep in tunneling sites has much greater tendency to dilate than those sampled near ground surface. Finally yet importantly, the shearing rate dominates the frictional stability of gouge, whether stable slide or instable stick-slip displacement would occur. In turn, this factor may serve as the under-lain mechanism whether an active fault will creep stably or will induce earthquake during the shearing movement.
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