作者

壽克堅

摘要

工程地質學之發展始於採礦、水壩、隧道、邊坡等地質工程之設計施工需求，台灣地區自五十年代起隨經濟發展有金銅礦、煤礦之開採，德基壩、翡翠壩之興建，南迴及北迴鐵路隧道群、第一及第二高速公路隧道群、以及北高兩市捷運隧道等各項工程之興建，工程地質學也得以針對台灣特有之地質條件有較深入的發展。又自八十年代起自然及人為等因素引起之坡地災害，因近年來氣候異常現象而更加頻繁；在經歷九二一集集大地震之衝擊後，坡地災害則又進入到一個新的階段。但也因為各種坡地災害問題之多樣性及複雜性，工程地質與環境地質有了進一步之區隔。
大地工程中之岩石工程由早期之次要角色，隨工程規模增大及開發擴展至山區而漸漸轉換為主要角色。以台灣多山而人口密集之地理條件，實具有發展岩石工程之優越條件。岩石工程因其屬性上與地質條件關係密切，過去此類工程遭遇困難時常歸因於「地質不好」可見其與工程地質學之密切關係。隨都市高度發展及國家重大建設之陸續完成，岩石工程也進入到一個新的時代。展望未來，老舊隧道之檢測及翻修、蘇花替代公路隧道群之興建、乃至於未來台灣海峽隧道之規劃施工，工程地質及岩石工程都將扮演決定性之重要角色。
本期專輯主題為「工程地質/岩石工程」次主題為「光學技術應用」，收集了此一領域近期之論文共九篇。除了與工程相關之「鑽掘樁榫入安山岩塊層地盤之摩擦阻抗評估」、「滑材摩擦特性及其對推進行為影響之研究─以台中卵礫石層推進工程為例」、「泥岩地區護坡工法研究」、「溪底隧道困難地質段設計與施工案例」、「隧道施工中地質探查─以曾文越域引水隧道為例」、及「南投廬山溫泉滑動邊坡地質調查案例介紹」等六篇論文外，並納入「隧道結構安全管理新潮流與襯砌非破壞性檢測新技術」、「數位影像相關係數法於土木工程檢測之應用」、及「光電技術於固體材料破壞機制之研析及應用」等三篇檢測技術相關之論文。
希望藉由近期不同類型工程地質與岩石工程之問題探討及案例回顧，以及新檢測技術發展之訊息提供，能提供地工人工程地質及岩石工程領域之近期發展參考。此外，本期專輯也特別專訪了工程地質界的老前輩謝敬義先生，他的學習及工作歷程除了見證台灣工程地質學之發展，也充分表現出令人敬佩的台灣精神，值得我們這些晚輩效法學習。

作者

李德河

摘要

我國位處菲律賓海板塊與歐亞板塊的交界處，由於板塊的推擠、碰撞、隱沒作用使得國土中地震頻發、高山隆起、地形起伏落差大，而且斷層、折皺等地質構造處處可見，岩體破碎又軟弱，再加上台灣位處西太平洋颱風必經之路，夏秋多暴雨、洪水，土石流及坡地崩壞、滑落經常發生，是一自然災害頻發的國家。
然而在這小小的三萬六千平方公里的國土上卻擠滿2千3百萬的人民，為了維持並逐漸提升全體人民的生活品質與安全，全國交通的改善、用水、用電的確保，自然災害的避免等措施就必須持續不斷的規劃與執行。各項的公共工程就必須在全國各地的山區、丘陵、平原、海邊、水下進行，於是破碎岩盤、高岩壓、高地温、軟弱地盤等就成為各項工程常遇到的地質條件，也成為工程師常常必須面對以及解決的難題。
近年來由於國內工程界的努力再加上國際合作的推動，在高難度的地質條件下進行各種工程已非難事，更由於材料、資訊及光電產業的蓬勃發展，亦使施工機械以及監測系統更加多樣化、精密度更加提升。因此各項工程的受力、變形及地下水狀況等皆能更快速、詳細的被掌握，進而提升工程的安全性。
地工技術雜誌是我國地工界發表最新技術與成果的傳統園地，也是工程界與學術界知識交流的最佳舞台，多年來陪伴著大地工程界的工程師們以及研究大地工程的師生們一起茁壯與成長。
本期的「地工技術」，就以工程地質、岩石工程及光學監測技術為主題，探討在我國的特殊地質條件下最新的岩石工程、包括隧道工程、岩石邊坡、樁基等之案例與工法，並且針對最新的檢測技術如使用光、聲以及數位影像技術在工程地質、岩石工程等之應用成果。本期豐富的內容將使閱讀者更能瞭解到我國的自然地質條件的嚴峻，以及當今相關的岩石工程所遭遇的問題及其解決方法，同時更能體會到我國檢測技術的突飛猛進，本期的論文必能在每個人之工程知識的成長過程中留下深刻的痕跡。

英文篇名

Frictional Resistance Estimation of Drilled Shafts Socketed into Andesite Boulders

作者

林三賢、王崑瑞、廖振程

關鍵字

鑽掘樁、榫入岩盤基樁、安山岩摩擦阻抗

摘要

在台灣樁基礎設計大多依據「建築物基礎構造設計規範」以估算其承載力，然而針對榫入岩盤之樁基礎而言，因岩層強度、樁/岩介面之粗糙度、幾何形狀因素、岩體之破碎性及界面上之膜(Bentonite & wall smear)等因素皆會影響鑽掘樁在岩層中之承載力，目前則無足夠且適切符合國內地質條件之經驗公式可供利用，為此本文藉由彙整國內外用於榫入岩盤鑽掘樁承載力評估方法，並比對榫入安山岩塊層試樁資料，探討適用於國內安山岩塊層之基樁極限承載力評估方式。

英文摘要

Some important factors, such as rock strength, socket roughness, socket geometry, rock mass fracturing and possible bentonite/wall smear effects for drilled shafts, all affect the capacity of the pile foundation socket into rock. Weighting of these factors on pile capacity still needs further studys and is not taken into account in the design code. Hence, a pile load test is still common for each particular project to estimate the capacity of rock socket piles. In this paper, two compressive and two uplift pile load tests conducted for drilled shafts socket in Andesite rock in Taipei are studied. Studies on frictional resistance of the socket resulted from tesd results are compared to the available empirical rules.

英文篇名

Up-to-Date Tendency on Tunnel Management of Structural Safety and Newly Non-Destructive Technology for Tunnel Lining Inspection

作者

王泰典、邱雅筑、鄭富書、黃燦輝

關鍵字

隧道結構安全管理、安全檢測、影像展開、影像嵌接、攝影測量、影像剖面法

摘要

本文透過檢測技術、結構安全評估與管理等方面，探討國內外隧道結構安全管理與檢測之進展，提出隧道結構安全管理與檢測的新觀念與相關的建議，並介紹因應新的觀念而開發的「襯砌影像展開與嵌接技術」以及「襯砌剖面影像測量技術」兩種襯砌非破壞檢測新技術。襯砌影像展開與嵌接技術可透過數位相機拍攝的襯砌局部影像，展開、嵌接而合成為影像展開圖，有利於異狀空間分佈的描繪與變異的追蹤。襯砌剖面影像測量技術可透過數位相機拍攝雷射光源照射的襯砌待測剖面，應用影像剖面法一次求得連續的完整剖面座標，具有測量精準而簡捷的特性。現代化隧道結構安全檢測強調透過不同期間襯砌異狀的徵兆與變形的特性，研判隧道長期穩定性的解決途徑，本文介紹的兩種技術可提供滿足隧道結構安全檢測目標的基本需求。

英文摘要

This article investigates the evolution on tunnel structural safety management and safety inspection through viewpoints of inspection technologies, evaluation methods and relevant guides for management. The correspondingly up-to-date tendencies are then introduced and commented accordingly. Two non-destructive technologies regarding tunnel lining inspection, the spreading and mosaic technology for assembling tunnel lining image as well as the profile–image method for lining surveying, are proposed to meet the requirement from the up-to-date tendency. The former spreads the images taken from digital camera, and then mosaics them to obtain a spreading layout of tunnel lining surface. From which the description of anomalies layout on lining surface will benefit, so as the tracing on the variation of those anomalies. The latter utilizes profile–image technology to figure out the coordinates of whole-shape profile to be measured by ways of an image, capturing the profile illuminated by laser, taken by digital camera. The proposed technologies respectively provide simple approaches for identification on the variation of lining anomalies as well as deformation pattern, both of which required by the modern tunnel management of structural safety.

英文篇名

Lubrication and Its Impact on Pipe-Soil Interaction of Pipejacking- Study on the Cases in Taichung Gravel Formation

作者

壽克堅、顏君行、劉耕豪

關鍵字

台中卵礫石層、免開挖、管推進工程、滑材、接觸性質試驗、推管與土壤互制

摘要

推進工程朝長距離及曲線的趨勢發展時，如何有效的控制推進力及線形成為了重要的課題。為了有效控制推進力並減少推進時間，目前最常用的是以灌注滑材來達到減摩效果；其目的主要是利用滑材填充並支撐管材與土體之間的擴挖空隙，減少孔壁坍塌或緊縮狀況來減低管材與土壤間之摩擦力。事實上，管材與土壤之間在不同地質中其接觸狀況非常複雜，其真實接觸行為之定量分析相當困難，仍有賴新的技術來加以突破。現有的檢測方法主要為利用間接的方式輔以經驗判斷來推估其摩擦效應。本研究針對台中卵礫石層，利用簡易試驗方法，對推進工程中幾種常用之滑材種類進行摩擦特性的試驗。除對試驗結果加以討論外，並透過數值分析來探討各種滑材對推進過程管材與土壤互制行為之影響，期能對滑材之選用及使用提供建議。

英文摘要

Jacking force requirement and alignment control are the main issues for pipejacking, especially for those cases with longer or curved alignment. Application of lubricant could be the most popular way to reduce the friction, so as to reduce the jacking force and increase the advancing rate. The lubricant can fill and support the gap between pipe and soil, such that collapse can be avoided and friction can be reasonably reduced. However, the pipe-soil interaction during pipejacking is complicated and considerably depends on the geological conditions. It is difficult to directly quantify the frictional behavior of the interface between pipe and soil. An indirect measurement with engineering adjustment is the practical way to quantify the frictional behavior. In this study, focusing on the common lubricants for pipejacking, a simple test method was adopted and applied to the pipejacking in Taichung gravel formation area. Based on the test results, the performance of the different lubricants was discussed. Besides, finite element method was also applied to simulate pipe-soil interaction with consideration of different interface properties.

英文篇名

The Study on the Slope Protection Methods in Mudstone Area

作者

李德河、楊沂恩、吳建宏、廖正傑、陳柏穎

關鍵字

泥岩、護坡工法、沖蝕

摘要

我國西南部泥岩由於成岩時間短、岩化程度低，乾燥時堅硬如石，遇水則易生回脹、崩解。因此，泥岩區的邊坡常因坡面受雨水、逕流之軟化沖刷，以致引發表層滑落、表土流失、蝕溝密佈之現象。另外，泥岩區水庫邊坡，則因水位昇降，使泥岩崩解淤積庫底，縮短水庫壽命。
本研究主要蒐集前人對西南部泥岩物理與力學特性之研究成果，以及泥岩區傳統護坡工法常發生的破壞及探討其發生機制，並且提出主要構件為坡面濾層、H型鋼格框、廢輪胎與胎内容土嶄新適用於泥岩邊坡的土胎植生工法。現地試驗結果顯示，該工法在防止泥岩邊坡沖蝕及助益植生有明顯功效。
另外，浸水邊坡的試驗結果發現，緩坡與適當的地工織物在反覆浸水的情況下能減少邊坡的侵蝕量與庫底淤積量。

英文摘要

The mudstone exposed at the foothills of Southwestern Taiwan is lithified shortly and poorly cemented. Therefore, the mudstone is rigidly hard in the dry state, but it swells and slakes easily when it absorbs water. The surface erosion, shallow slope failure, and the intensive gully are often observed at mudstone slopes due to the erosions caused by rainfall and runoff. In addition, the eroded mudstones of the slopes at the reservoir tend to fall and then deposit, which is believed to shorten the operation life of the reservoir.
This study reviewed available literature in investigating the physical and mechanical properties of the mudstone at the Southwestern Taiwan. The failures of conventional slope protections at the mudstone area are evaluated to investigate the individual failure mechanism. In addition, the new Soil-Tire-Vegetation method consisted of H-steel, filter layer, tire, and fill soils in the tire are proposed to protect the mudstone slope. The in-situ tests indicate that the new method has significant success in slope erosion prevention and vegetation.
In addition, the results of in-situ tests to simulate reservoir slope show that the slope with small slope angle and geotextile reduce slope erosion and produce fewer sediments to the bottom of the reservoir.

英文篇名

Geological Investigation of Tunnel Construction in the Tseng-Wen Reservoir Transbasin Diversion Project

作者

楊豐榮、李振誥、蕭富元、劉俊杰

關鍵字

地質探查、TSP震波探測、雙栓塞水力試驗、DRISS探查

摘要

地質構造複雜之台灣，規劃設計階段之地質探查不易取得精確且完整之資料，根據以往經驗，地質問題常為台灣隧道施工風險之主要因素。施工中之地質探查可針對關鍵地質問題進行重點調查，並可於隧道開挖面直接進行調查，探查成果可提昇地質掌握度，降低施工風險，並可作為後續營運階段維護管理參考。本文以台灣現正施工中之深埋長隧道工程－曾文越域引水隧道為例，說明施工中地質探查之規劃與執行成果，所採用之調查方法包括隧道內TSP震波探測，隧道內水平前進鑽探調查、隧道內岩體現地試驗、地表補充鑽探調查、雙栓塞水力試驗及TBM段DRISS探查等，本案例經驗可提供後續相關工程參考。

英文摘要

Due to complicated geological characteristics and structures in Taiwan, the accurate geological informations of tunnel project in the design stage are difficult to obtain. In order to minimize construction risk during tunnel construction, the supplementary investigations, either from tunnel face or ground surface, should be conducted for controlling geological conditions or solving critical geological problem. The results of these investigations can be provided as the information for minimizing construction risk and for future operation and maintenance. In this paper, an actual case of geological investigation during the construction of Tsengwen reservoir transbasin diversion tunnel is presented. Several investigation techniques including TSP seismic survey, horizontal boring, field rock experiments, supplementary ground drilling inspection, double packer test, DRISS survey, etc., were employed. The experiences gained from this case history may provide some valuable information for tunnel engineering.

英文篇名

Design and Construction of River Crossing Tunnel Through Difficult Ground Section

作者

陳蒼賢、蔡進發、劉弘祥、劉文煜、侯秉承

關鍵字

尾水隧道、施工豎井、止水灌漿、輔助工法

摘要

大甲溪發電廠谷關分廠受到集集地震、颱風及豪雨等事件影響，必須重建尾水隧道等設施，尾水隧道全長約1,991m，其中約有140m從大甲溪河床下方穿過，最小岩覆厚度為3.5m。一般而言，溪谷原本是地質構造的弱帶，再加上經年累月溪水沖蝕及切割作用，河床必定非常破碎而充滿水份。再者，大甲溪河床已被大量土石所堆積，若由河床表面進行地質改良工作，其所需經費與工期非常可觀，而成效如何尚無把握。針對上述地形與地質特色，於設計階段特別設計一套施工豎井及溪底段隧道之止水灌漿及標準支撐措施；於施工階段承包商可依所遭遇特殊地質之特性，選擇適當開挖斷面、止水灌漿工法、支撐材料及輔助工法相互搭配組合，承包商應提供施工計畫書，經業主認可後施工。期望這個成功案例可供未來處理溪底隧道困難地質段設計與施工時之參考。

英文摘要

Severely affected by chi-chi earthquake and devastating flood that followed due to typhoon and heavy rain, the tailrace tunnel, among others, of the Kukuan hydro power plant has to be realigned and rebuilt. The tailrace tunnel of total 1,991m long needs to underpass through the Tachia River for about 140m with rock cover only 3.5m. In view of the fact that weak zone normally developed along the river channel and thick debris accumulated on top of the river bed due to debris flows, the ground improvement from the surface is difficult. In dealing with the unique ground condition, a construction shaft and water sealing pre-grouting and supporting system were designed to prevent from the potential high water ingress when passing under the Tachia river. During construction stage, the contractor was allowed to select adequate excavation cross section, water sealing grouting, support elements and auxiliary treatment method to overcome the adverse ground condition. The contractor’s construction plane should be approved by the client before construction. Hopefully the experience learnt from this successful case can be shared by future project with similar condition.

英文篇名

The Engineering Geology Investigation on the Sliding Slope Above Lushan Hot Spring Area — A Case History

作者

黃振全、張益通、顏呈仰、黃祥慶、黃貞凱

關鍵字

地質調查、板岩、邊坡、滑動

摘要

南投廬山溫泉上方存在一潛勢災害邊坡，每逢強颱、豪雨作用，經常伴隨道路陷落、構造物開裂等災害，致使公路養護單位必須經年費心維護，而居民亦對「走山」威脅心生疑慮。
歷經三年之調查與監測，對邊坡之滑動機制已有初步認識，本邊坡滑動型態為軟弱岩層內單一滑動體之潛移運動，劈理發達之特性使岩層風化破碎，並對地下水高度敏感，加上弱面位態較為不利，使坡體在豪雨時向下滑移產生錯動。
廬山溫泉為國家重要觀光資源，社會各界對其上方邊坡之穩定情形多有關切，期能以本文對此邊坡之地質調查及滑動監測成果作扼要說明，俾供各界參考。

英文摘要

Every year in typhoon season, the torrential rainfall frequently breaks off the roads and splits the retaining walls at the potentially hazardous slope above Lushan Hot Spring area. The repetitive and tedious road repairs have already been a burden to the highway authority. The slope gradually becomes a menace to the people in that area.
The study has been performed for 3 years and the slope movement mechanism was firstly understood. It is a creeping movement of a single sliding soft rock mass. The cleavages of the slope are highly weathered and sensitive to ground water level. The adverse orientation of weak plane aggravates the downward slope movement of weathered rock mass during torrential rain period.
Lushan Hot Spring has long been a major tourist attraction of Taiwan. The hazard potential of the slope also caught extensive public attention. This study delineates the slope geological investigations and instrument monitoring results for further reference.

英文篇名

Application of the Digital-Image-Correlation Technique in the Inspection and Monitoring for Civil Engineering Project

作者

童士恒、施明祥、郭瑞昭、翁孟嘉

關鍵字

數位影像相關係數法、非接觸式量測、大型現地試驗

摘要

由於數位攝影像素解析度及電腦運算速度之提升，數位影像量測技術日益受到重視。數位影像相關係數法(Digital-Image-Correlation Technique)的基本原理在比對變形前後次級影像內之灰階值關係（即相關係數），在變形後影像中尋找變形前一次級影像的相對位置。此法之最大優點在於是一種非接觸式且精度高的量測方式。數位影像相關係數法之分析模式有二，為點分析模式及以有限元素為基礎之面分析模式。點分析模式可對單點或連續對多點進行分析，以追蹤其點位的變化；面分析模式則是將分析區域細分成網格，分析求得變形前後網格結點的相對位置，即可計算出各網格之應變量。本文介紹四個應用實例，包括台南關廟國小校舍推倒試驗的靜、動態量測，雙晶鋁試片的平面應變壓縮試驗及軟弱砂岩的單壓試驗，由這些例子中可發現數位影像相關係數法可以在花費不多的情況下，得到高精度之量測結果，同時也藉由微應變視覺化進而追蹤形變過程之演變。

英文摘要

Due to the improvement in the pixel resolution of digital cameras and in the efficiency of computer, the digital-image-correlation (DIC) technique gets much more attention than ever. The principle of DIC lies in comparing the grayscale relationship between the sub-images before and after the deformation, in order to determine the positions of the sub-image after deformation. It has advantages of a non-contact and high precise measurement technique. Two analysis modes , the point mode and the field mode based on finite element method, can be applied to calculate the digital-image-correlation function. In the point mode it can be applied to determine the positions of single or multi-points. In the field mode the digital image is discretized into grids in which the positions of these grids designated as nodes are analyzed. After the determination of the displacement, then the strain field can be calculated from the displacement gradient. Four application examples in this article are introduced: (1) the static and (2) the kinematics measurement of the full scale push over test in the Guan-Miao elementary school, (3) the plan strain compression test of the aluminum bicrystals and (4) the compression test of weak sandstone. It is found that the high precise measurement results have been achieved with the help of our self-developed analysis software and without expensive instruments. In addition, the deformation histories during processing have been visualized.

英文篇名

Use of Electro-Optical Technique in Analyzing the Failure Mechanism of Solid Materials

作者

陳立憲、李昶佑、胡光宇、陳堯中、劉信良

關鍵字

電子斑紋干涉術(ESPI)、貫切試驗、三點彎矩試驗、巴西試驗

摘要

以往土木固態材料之力學特徵量測多為巨觀行為之觀察（毫米尺度），而對微觀特徵之研究則較寡；且研究多以受力後之峰前行為(如強度及勁度之探討)居多，對於材料真正峰後行為如失穩型(snap-back)之破壞韌度等，則較少進行研析。故為求全方位研究固態材料之延、脆性之破壞演化，並求得材料之完整加載歷程曲線，本文介紹較新穎之光電非破壞檢測技術－電子斑紋干涉術（Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry, ESPI)，利用其高精度、全域性、即時性與非接觸之優點，可供求算延性之變形連續階段與脆性之變形不連續之力學行為特徵。
電子斑紋干涉術於光電、機械工程之應用較早，而稍後於土木工程中，亦有國外學者先後使用此技術應用於實驗室尺度之不同試驗如貫切(貫入)試驗(Indentation fracture test)、三點彎矩試驗(three-point bending test)及巴西試驗(Brazilian test)等。採用此一技術可探討材料彈-塑性變形與脆性破壞之初裂與裂衍(crack initiation and propagation)之行為，故使用此技術可由試體表面求得材料微觀破壞之演化，進而真正了解材料巨觀破壞之漸變過程，對未來其工程實務上之新材料、新工法及新技術之研發，亦應有所裨益。

英文摘要

In the past, measurements on the mechanical characteristics of solid materials were carried out mostly in macroscopic scale (i.e., in millimeters), and microscopic scale studies were rare. In addition, most of the researches focused on the pre-failure behavior of materials, such as strength and stiffness before failure. Post-failure behavior, such as snap-back failure strength, was rarely addressed. In order to cover a full spectrum on the development of ductile to brittle failure of solid materials, and to achieve a complete load-displacement curve, a non-destructive electro-optical technique so-called ESPI (Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry) was developed. ESPI is a high resolution, full spectrum, real-time, and non-contact tool which is capable of delineating both the continuous ductile and non-continuous brittle deformation of solid materials.
ESPI was first use in the fields of electro-optical and mechanical engineering. Civil engineering researchers latter adopted this technique in laboratory tests such as indentation fracture test, three-point bending test, and Brazilian test, etc. to study the elasto-plastic behavior, crack initiation and propagation of solid materials. Observing the microscopic change of displacement on the surface of stressed material can lead to a full understanding of the macroscopic behavior of engineering materials. It is believed that the ESPI technique could help in the development of new materials and new methods for practical application in the future.

作者

高秋振

摘要

作者

林三賢

摘要