作者

黃安斌

摘要

大地工程教課書敘述土壤力學之誕生時常以Terzaghi於1925年所著Erdbaumechanik一書中對黏土壓密試驗之圖解做為代表，說明了試驗在大地工程歷史上之重要性。因為大地工程材料高度之變異性以及土木工程結構隨著新科技之發展其複雜性不的斷增加，試驗對大地工程之重要性更加彰顯。而我們可用之試驗工具也隨著科技之演進而使得試驗本身所涵蓋之知識領域更為寬廣而複雜。國內乃至於東南亞地區，也因為近年來在大地工程研究大量之投入，已做出具有本地特色之發展與貢獻。本期所刊載以大地工程試驗為主之文章就充分的反應這些現象之存在。香港科技大學Charles Ng教授等人敘述具有兩個自由度震動模擬功能之離心機，此獨特之功能在國際上也處於領導地位，對於未來大地地震工程研究將有重大之意義。高速鐵路與晶圓製造廠房兩者都是近來高科技發展所衍生之產物，因為微震動的問題造成這兩者之間相互排斥的效應，也同時為大地工程現地監測提出前所未有之挑戰。倪勝火教授等人對此一挑戰提出了他們的對策。SPT雖然是古老之試驗方法，但是因為其難以取代之優點，SPT還沒有被淘汰之跡象。蔡錦松教授等人自行研發之能量檢測技術讓SPT在此生根並賦予SPT新的生命。不飽和土壤邊坡穩定分析的問題普遍的存在於多山而人口密集的東南亞地區。林宏達教授等人對此一問題之背景與其特別之試驗方法做了完整之敘述。林志平教授等人所述之時域反射儀（TDR）將電磁波的原理應用於大地工程現地試驗。此一發展彌補了傳統現地試驗缺乏量測基本物理性質（例如含水量與土壤分類等）功能之缺點。TDR也為土體內變形分佈之監測帶來許多令人興奮之潛能。抗張試驗可能是地工織物力學試驗中最重要的一項。謝啟萬教授等人對此試驗之背景，方法內容以及常見之錯誤提出解說。台灣中北部麓山帶地區之年輕而軟弱之砂、頁岩，不容易以傳統岩心取樣之方法取得足以反應現地狀況之試樣。黃安斌教授等人根據他們過去幾年研究之結果，提出如何以自行研發之高壓傍壓儀配合經過修改之Lugeon試驗以及現地P-S波速量測，以現地試驗的方法來決定這些軟弱岩石之工程性質。
由這些文章之內容可以看出，當今所使用之試驗方法及原理已遠超過當年Terzaghi做壓密試驗時之範疇。大地工程之誕生與試驗有密切的關係，編者相信大地工程未來之再生或重大之突破必然也脫離不了試驗之觀察或驗證。

作者

楊永斌

摘要

「地工技術」是一本值得尊敬的刊物，很多人都知道它的故事，一開始的時候，它是由一群理想性很高的人所發起的，每人贊助三萬元來協助它的出版和發行，那是民國72年間，在那個時候多數人的月薪都還達不到這個數字；更有意思的是，為了堅持刊物的實務走向，在稿源緊繃的情況下，當時的編輯諸君，還把一些教授所寫的過於理論的文章給「割捨」了。我是學結構的，無緣也來不及參與當初的規劃，在茶餘飯後得知上述軼事，不覺一陣悸動，對於「地工技術」前輩們摒持理想，無私無我的奉獻，內心只有肅然起敬。
在土木工程領域中，除了中國土木水利工程學會的學刊外，「地工技術」有可能是台灣年代最久遠的刊物，長久以來它所呈現給讀者的是，相當的質感和細膩的編排作風，它不是過於開放的辣妹，也不是膽怯的村姑，而是氣質典雅的小家碧玉。像這樣以技術為本位，不以營利為目的，而能夠持續發行和成長的刊物，在台灣也是極為罕見的。
在台灣，我們經歷了成長和起飛，享受過了繁榮和富庶，也走過了九二一地震的斷垣殘壁，這個地震繼賀伯颱風之後，帶給我們一個啟示：「任何工程建設如果不建立在良好的基礎上，強震來臨時即有可能一夜之間化為烏有的！」事實上，連小學生也都知道，要蓋好房子必須先打好基礎，這麼淺顯的道理，沒有人聽不懂的。只是這麼樣的大道理，似乎仍然敵不過市井的近利、權宜、因循、苟且、本位、…等等，於是乎濫墾、濫採、濫建、亂倒、亂挖、…等等層出不窮，只有等到房子或橋樑垮了，人們才會想到工程師的存在。
在此，我要誠摯的呼籲，這是「回歸大地」的時候了，台灣要想永續生存，就要看我們能否減少對大地的違逆，而走在最前端的就是大地工程師！

英文篇名

THE HONG KONG GEOTECHNICAL CENTRIFUGE AND ITS UNIQUE CAPABILITIES

作者

C.W.W. NG, P. VAN LAAK, W.H. TANG, X.S. LI

關鍵字

Geotechnical centrifuge, bi-axial shaker, robotic manipulator, geophysical modelling.

摘要

英文摘要

Recently there has been rapid development in geotechnical centrifuge modelling technology world-wide, and centrifuge testing is now commonly used for reduced-scale physical modelling of geotechnical and geo-environmental systems. In this paper, a new 400 g-ton state-of-the-art geotechnical centrifuge facility in Hong Kong is introduced and some of its unique and advanced capabilities such as in-flight bi-axial shaker and 4-axis robotic manipulator are described. This facility is dedicated to serve not only the University but also the entire geotechnical community in Hong Kong and around the world.

英文篇名

THE DEVELOPMENT OF FULLY AUTOMATED MICRO-VIBRATION MONITORING SYSTEM IN THE FIELD

作者

倪勝火、柯啟智

關鍵字

微震動、量測、自動化、音頻頻帶

摘要

由於高鐵未來將行經台南科學工業園區，其通過引致之振動，可能對園區之環境振動有所影響，安裝全時間振動監測系統，將有助於園區對現況環境振動之有效管理與掌控。本文之主旨在解說於台南科學工業園區規劃、設計、建置全時自動環境微震監測系統之過程與經驗。文中一共建置三個監測站，每一監測站均搭配電腦軟硬體之設計與撰寫，使得其能作全日不間斷之量測。量測之時域資料即時進行1/3倍音頻頻譜分析，所得結果除即時顯示在螢幕外，並將時域與頻域之資料分別儲存。經本文之設計與建置，此三組全時自動環境微震監測系統確能成功良好的運作。

英文摘要

Due to the possible change of microseismic environment of Tainan Science and Industrial Park as the high-speed train pass through the Park in the coming future, the installation of full-time micro-vibration monitoring system will benefit to manage the seismic environment of the Park. The purpose of this paper is to present the planning, design and installation of fully automated computer-based environmental vibration monitoring system. A total of three monitoring stations were constructed in the past year. The stations are fully automated, unrest to monitor the ground vibration and to perform one-third octave band analysis, and display the result on the screen. From the measurement, the time domain data and frequency domain data are stored in the hard disc, respectively. From the development, the microvibration monitoring is successful and well performed in the Park.

英文篇名

STANDARD PENETRATION TEST AND ENERGY TRANSFER MEASUREMENT

作者

蔡錦松、劉衍志、周立德、劉福鎮

關鍵字

標準貫入試驗、打擊能量檢測、自由落錘、圓頂式鉆板

摘要

本文闡述目前常用標準貫入試驗之能量檢測方式以及相關研究成果。說明工程品質觀念下，對於標準貫入試驗成果驗收過程要求，促成近日對於打擊能量檢測十分重視。文章除了解釋整個打擊過程能量傳遞階段及不同階段相應之能量檢測方式以外，更刻意比較現行ASTM 規範中能量分析所採用之「力量歷時積分法」，以及該規範未來修改時可能增補的「力量-速度積分法」。對於世界上大多數規範疏於講究的落錘與鉆板型式，則藉由實驗室標定檢測，深入探討三種不同尺寸之圓柱形落錘以及一個安全式落錘對打擊能量之影響。試驗結果說明，在相同操作（自由落錘）條件下，落錘型式（形狀）影響打擊能量並不明顯。同時，研究結論建議改良以往一般採用之「平頂式鉆板」成為「圓頂式鉆板」，可以大幅改善原本變動極大的能量輸入，獲得非常穩定的打擊能量。

英文摘要

This paper describes the researches concerning the commonly used energy transfer measurement methods for standard penetration tests. Problems of the SPT energy transfer were once of less care, and the recently growing needs on quality assurance of construction works have called more attention. A SPT energy transfer route can be subdivided into stages, and energy measurement corresponding to different stages are delineated in respect to some available methods. In order to explain the computation of measured energy, a comparison is made between the force square integration method of the current ASTM code and the force-velocity integration method of the future ASTM reviewing. A study is presented to analyze the influence of hammer shape using the calibration testing in the laboratory. Testing results of three different cylindrical hammers and a safety hammer indicate that the influence of hammer to the energy transfer is of insignificance providing the hammer drops in free-fall case. Based on the laboratory results, the paper recommends a round-headed anvil to replace the currently adopted flat-headed anvil in SPT tests to improve the energy transfer process.

英文篇名

TESTING OF MECHANICAL PROPERTY OF UNSATURATED SOILS AND ITS APPLICATION ON SLOPE ENGINEERING

作者

林宏達、拱祥生

關鍵字

不飽和土壤、基質吸力、土壤水份特性曲線

摘要

不飽和土壤之基本力學性質，包括基質吸力與土壤含水量關係、基質吸力之增加對剪力強度的貢獻及不飽和土壤剪力強度參數之影響等。本文先針對土壤基質吸力的量測方法、土壤水份特性曲線及壓力板儀之試驗方法加以闡述。接著再以不飽和土壤三軸試驗儀為例來介紹不飽和土壤剪力強度理論及試驗原理。最後，再針對不飽和土壤力學在邊坡工程上之應用與展望做簡要之介紹。

英文摘要

Understanding of the fundamental properties of unsaturated soils requires sound understanding of the relationship between the soil suction and the water content, and the effect of matric suction on the shear strength parameters of unsaturated soils. This paper introduces the method for the measurement of the matric suction and the principle of the pleasure plate test that is commonly used to measure the relationship between the soil suction and water content. Subsequently, a triaxial apparatus is used as an example to illustrate the principle of shear strength testing and evaluation of unsaturated soils. Finally, the current application and future development of unsaturated soil mechanics on slope engineering is discussed.

英文篇名

APPLICATION OF TIME DOMAIN REFLECTOMETER IN GEOTECHNICAL MEASUREMENTS

作者

林志平、周家榮

關鍵字

時域反射儀、介電性質、岩石（土壤）變形、地下水位

摘要

TDR（時域反射儀）應用於大地工程之量測為一較新的發展，它除了可以量測與土壤基本物理性質息息相關之土壤電學性質，也可應用於地下水位監測及土壤、岩石之變形監測。本文將介紹TDR之基本量測原理，並詳細說明TDR在大地工程量測之使用方法；此外，對其未來之可能潛力與發展方向，也作了概略性的說明。

英文摘要

Application of Time Domain Reflectometer (TDR) in geotechnical measurements is a relatively new development. It can be used to measure electrical properties of soils that are related to soil physical properties. In addition, TDR has found applications in monitoring ground water level and relative deformation in soil, rock, or structure. This paper introduces the basic principle of TDR measurements and explains the methodologies of TDR measurements in geotechnical application. The potential and future development of TDR is also discussed.

英文篇名

INTRODUCTION TO GEOTEXTILE TENSILE TESTS

作者

謝啟萬、吳洽興、謝明紋、何昱賢、林千貴、李沂哲、張達德、李維峰

關鍵字

地工織物、抗張試驗

摘要

地工織物乃採用高分子聚合物編織而成之工程用新興紡織產品，在設計上之選用除需滿足其應用功能外，亦需考慮其性能是否可滿足規範之要求，其中以抗張試驗最為重要。因此本文乃針對地工織物常用條式、抓式及寬幅法之條件、適用範圍、使用設備及其特性進行討論供工程界參考。

英文摘要

Geotextiles are human made new construction materials that have influenced the construction in the areas of geotechnical engineering, transportation engineering, environmental engineering, and hydraulic engineering, etc. Geotextiles perform seven major functions: separation, reinforcement, filtration, drainage, liquid barrier, protection, and erosion control. In the design, selected geotextile should satisfy the requirements for the applied functions and its associated contract specifications. For strength consideration, tensile strength is the most important material property for geotextile that can be evaluated by various types tensile strength tests. The most commonly utilized geotextile tensile test methods are narrow strip tensile test, grab tensile test, and wide-width tensile test. This paper discusses the scope, significance and use, conditioning, apparatus, procedure, sampling, and calculations of these test methods. The typical problem that associated with geotextile contract specification is also discussed.

英文篇名

FIELD PRESSUREMETER, LUGEON AND WAVE VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS IN SOFT ROCKS

作者

黃安斌、廖志中、潘以文

關鍵字

軟弱岩石、現地試驗

摘要

台灣中北部麓山帶地區出露之地層多屬極軟弱年輕之砂岩，普遍具有固結差，膠結不良之特性。岩層取樣過程對岩樣本身之組織構造可能已造成破壞。因此現地試驗是量測軟弱岩石力學性質比較理想的方法。作者研發完成適用於軟弱岩石之高壓傍壓儀，其最高承受之壓力為25MPa，傍壓儀之徑向變形量以12個貼有應變片之量測臂來進行。現地透水試驗常用之Lugeon試驗設備也經過修改以加強其試驗之品質。作者在新竹縣寶山鄉建立了一個試驗站，並在此地軟弱砂岩中完成了一系列之現地試驗包括高壓傍壓儀、Lugeon、以及P-S Logging試驗。本論文敘述這些試驗設備、使用程序、結果之解釋、以及討論使用這些試驗方法對量測軟弱岩石工程性質之影響。

英文摘要

The outcrops in the central and northern regions of Western Taiwan often contain poorly cemented, very weak and young rock formations. The rock sampling process is likely to damage the structure that originally existed in the rock mass. For this reason, in situ testing is a desirable alternative in characterizing the properties for soft rocks. The authors have developed a high stress pressuremeter specifically for testing in soft rocks. The new pressuremeter can sustain a maximum expansion pressure of 25 Mpa, and instrumented with 12 strain-gauged strain arms. The Lugeon test equipment typically used to conduct field permeability tests has been modified to enhance the quality of test results. The authors established a test site in Bao Shan Township of Hsin Chu County, where a series of high stress pressuremeter tests, Lugeon tests, and P-S logging tests were conducted. This paper describes details of these test equipment, procedure, interpretation of the data and their implications in the characterization of soft rocks.

英文篇名

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BORING EFFICIENCY AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY ON TBM TUNNELLING

作者

陳昭旭、譚景全、李慶龍

關鍵字

全斷面隧道鑽掘機、鑽掘效率、掘進率、貫入率、利用率

摘要

鑑於世界各國對於隧道設計有朝大斷面、大型化之趨勢，開挖機具設備亦隨之發展，而全斷面隧道鑽掘機(TBM)具有快速、擾動小及連續作業之優點，廣為歐美各國所使用。國內為提升隧道之施工技術，在北宜高工程坪林隧道與士林水力工程頭水隧道，均採用TBM工法開挖。本文以工程地質的角度，藉由TBM鑽掘進度的量化，探討國內外TBM施工案例之鑽掘實績與其隧道地質之關連性，經分析比較結果為：北宜高坪林隧道導坑TBM實際鑽掘時間僅佔一成左右，在利用率偏低且缺乏鑽掘實績資料下，實不易比對出不同岩性與TBM掘進的關連性。士林水力工程頭水隧道貫入率隨岩體分類之良窳而漸次降低(2.5～1.9m/hr)，機具利用率亦由四成以上降至三成左右。至於國外案例—藍山隧道之貫入率介於3.0～4.0m/hr之間，且該工程施工管理完善，使得整體機具利用率高達五成為其特色。初步認為TBM鑽掘效率與岩性強度、硬度關係並不顯著，或可作為爾後國內類似隧道TBM設計與施工之參考。

英文摘要

There are many advantages of tunnel excavation with the tunnel boring machine (TBM), such as high penetration rate, lower disturbance, continuous operation, and less loosening of surrounding rocks. Until now two tunnels were excavated by the TBM in Taiwan. One is the Pinglin Pilot (PP) tunnel with a diameter of 4.8m and a length of 12.9km, and the other is called the Shihlin Headrace (SH) tunnel with a diameter of 4.53m and a length of 5.5km. This paper presents an evaluation system to show the relationship between the TBM performance, such as penetration rate, utilization rate as well as advance rate, and the geological conditions, I.e. rock strength, geological formation, total hardness, and rock mass rating (RMR).

作者

方永壽

摘要

作者

李大振

摘要

作者

馮正一

摘要

作者

張寶堂

摘要