作者

楊智堯

摘要

臺灣位於歐亞大陸板塊以及菲律賓海板塊的交界處，受到劇烈的板塊運動影響，地震活動頻繁，地質構造複雜，斷層密布，其中不乏仍持續活動的活動斷層，導致在臺灣的工程開發(尤其是帶狀的交通工程或管線工成)鄰近或跨越斷層構造亦是在所難免。因此有關工址跨越或鄰近斷層之調查以及配合之設計與施工規劃，甚至在營運養護上都必須詳加考量，以確保工程施工階段以及營運階段之安全。
本期主題內容規劃希望能從臺灣活動斷層的調查演進、模型建立到工程的工址調查、規劃設計、施工以及後續營運維護，共有10篇專業論文，深入淺出地帶領讀者，進行一連串的探討與相關案例經驗分享，內容相當精彩。

影音導讀 https://youtu.be/TOq9tjgr47s (請複製連結前往觀看)

作者

林銘郎

摘要

一、 與地工技術的因緣
本人很榮幸的受地工技術之邀請，在第172期(2022.6)的專題「跨越活動斷層構造的工程與維護」中撰寫贈言，真的是冥冥之中自有天意。1990年聯合國全力推動國際防災十年計劃(International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction)，臺灣積極配合推動防災研究，地工技術亦特此推出由陳正興教授主編之第30期「地震與地工」專輯。專輯中特邀研究新地體構造之英國倫敦大學學院C.Vita-Finzi教授主筆贈言，為國內地震防災之研究方向提出建言，指出有關地震災害的評估與防治，應該是由地質學家、工程師、土壤學家，以及地震學家共同參與合作的一項大事業。地工技術基金會從設立以來，一直都是融合國內工程師、地質學家、土壤學家，以及地震學家的和樂融融大家庭，成立迄今已經辦了38次的地工技術研討會、39次工程地質研討會，每次研討會都是不同領域英雄好漢來自各方，討論分享其獨到的面向與見解，而本人因跨領域的研究背景，從其中受惠甚多心存感激。Vita-Finzi教授並於「地震與地工」專輯賜稿一篇〈新地體構造運動與地震災害〉，該文從地震定年學角度，介紹了地殼變形與地震之重要關係，及其對地震災害風險評估扮演之關鍵角色。陳正興老師指定由當年還在博士班就讀的我進行翻譯，中英文共刊，以饗讀者。為了慎重地翻譯好該重要論文，當年研讀了文章中所引用的所有參考文獻，並承蒙地質系楊昭男教授作了多次的討論指導並經其細心斧正文稿，因而埋下了對新地體構造運動與地震災害的認識及其對工程設施影響的興趣種子。1991年李錫堤教授首度到 臺大地質系兼任開課「地震地質學」，我全程旁聽並且以新地體構造運動與地震災害為題，上台作期末報告，研習地震地質學讓我大開眼界且開始建立了我與李錫堤教授亦師生亦朋友長達30多年的友情伙伴關係。
二、天然災害 − 以今論古、鑑往知來 − 轉化災害為知識、與災害風險共存
由於地球環境本身是一個動態的系統，地震、斷層錯動、颱風、火山、山崩、狂風、豪雨、洪水、乾旱等現象，都是自然現象，也是地球環境演育過程之一部份，只要人類不與危險地區交會或接觸，未必會發生災害。但有些人或工程設施，或因無知或因無法避免，進入危險之地(例如地震、山崩活躍地區、洪水或土石流必經之地、經常發生雪崩之地等等)，就可能發生災害。當這些自然現象影響或危害到人類的生存時，就被稱作是天然災害(Natural hazard)或地質災害(Geological hazards；Geo-hazards)。人類幾千年的文字歷史中，記載了不少滄海桑田的變化；即便是人的一生短短幾十年，也常會經歷一些天災地變，感受到天然災害的威脅，並產生想要進一步了解災害成因、學習因地制宜、減少損失、與災害共存的念頭。
臺灣位處於環太平洋地震帶，地震活動相當頻繁，在20世紀地震災害歷史中，臺灣至少記錄到5起地震同時伴有地震斷層的發生與致災，包括1906年梅山地震、1935年新竹臺中地震、1946年新化地震、1951年花蓮地震、1999年集集地震。對於斷層的認識與活動斷層的調查，主要來自地質學家及地形學家的研究成果。地質學家以其以今論古(The present is the key to the past)、鑑往知來(The past is the key to the future)的研究方法，判讀地層中保留下來各種天然災害歷史記錄(無字天書)；而地形學家以其敏銳的觀察力覺知天然災害呈現在現今地形上的歷史與當今活躍狀態。但是他們的成果呈現在時、空的分布通常具有高度不確定性，加上地質學家處理的時空尺度常與工程師設計與使用的尺度有很大的差異，地質學家常以萬年、百萬年(Ma)為時間單位，數十公里為長度單位，而工程師在乎的時間單位為百年至千年，長度單位為公分至公里。當然工程師也常會捫心自問：設計使用年限百年的土木設施，該如何考慮千年甚或萬年一遇的大地震或斷層錯動的影響。對於萬年、千年、百年一遇等級的地震災害，工程師已建立了小震不壞、中震可修、大震不垮的設計理念，然而大型土木設施如何能夠知道其是否能夠承受大震不垮？以現今的技術與能力而言，工程師是不可能進行全尺度的大型實驗來驗證的。此時工程師常用的方法學是從既有的天然災害致災案例中學習經驗，轉化災害為知識、運用於新的設計之中。集集地震之後，地工 技術研究發展基金會出版由連永旺、黃漢勇 先生主編的《大地裂痕：空中鳥瞰車籠埔斷層》，為集集地震所造成的地表變形位移破裂、土木設施及建築物等受損狀況，在第一時間留下寶貴的空中與地面照片及專業文字說明，成了國內外各領域從失敗案例中學習經驗的最重要文獻之一。
對於如何居危思安與地層錯動災害共存，在此借用聖嚴法師揭示面對人生逆境時的處置箴言：面對它、接受它、處理它、放下它，略加修改成面對它、接受它、處理它、監測它。「面對它」為透過調查來掌握活動斷層與活動斷層土岩變形帶的特性；「接受它」即居危思安、評估活動斷層可能造成的損害、衝擊與風險大小；「處理它」是研發因應活動斷層錯動時工程設施調適與減災的方法；「監測它」是採取長期定期觀察與監測重要活動斷層的變形活動性，以求掌握長期地震災害潛勢的動態發展。這些工作，有的如本專輯各篇文章所介紹，已經有所進展；有的則尚在初步嘗試的階段，都是值得我們持續的共同努力的方向。

英文篇名

Adaptation of Engineering Facilities Crossing an Active Fault Zone ~ Past, Present and Future

作者

謝沛宸、詹佩臻、鍾春富、朱聖心、李健宏、柳鈞元、林承翰、洪千惠、方儒雅、彭昱熙、劉育良、林銘郎

關鍵字

活動斷層、地震斷層、上覆土層變形、工程設施調適

摘要

經濟部中央地質調查所於2021年底為止已經公告國內36條活動斷層、20處活動斷層地質敏感區，但考慮臺灣地狹人稠的土地利用情況，全面禁止開發具有活動斷層災害風險的土地可行性不高，使得土木工程建設，尤其是網絡狀的基礎關鍵維生設施也幾乎無法避免跨越活動斷層帶。本文回顧了國內外「工程設施該如何面對與因應近斷層錯動調適」此課題的發展沿革與精進過程，希望能藉此汲取過往斷層活動災害的教訓並從中學習因應對策，一步步的設法解決問題、逐漸減少地震與斷層錯動災害所造成的損失。

英文摘要

The adaptation of engineering facilities near an active fault zone has been attracting increasing attention since the fault-crossing structure exhibited severe damage in past earthquakes. In 2021, the Central Geological Survey of Taiwan has announced 36 active faults and 20 active fault geologically sensitive area for public awareness. However, it is not always possible to avoid constructions across a fault, especially in regions with a dense active fault such as Taiwan. This review begins by clarifying confusing nouns related to active faults to improve communications between engineers and geologists. The article then continues to illustrate research progress of investigation and monitoring approaches in active fault zone, and to show up-to-date status of seismic design provisions for fault-crossing engineering facilities in Japan. The review concludes with Taiwan’s experiences and highlights future perspectives in this area.

英文篇名

The Evolution of Investigation of Active Faults in Taiwan

作者

林燕慧、林啟文

關鍵字

活動斷層、活動斷層地質敏感區、活動斷層調查。

摘要

臺灣的誕生與板塊聚合及斷層活動密切相關，1999年九二一地震的發生促成國內在活動斷層與地震地質相關調查與研究的大躍進，比例尺五十萬分之一的臺灣活動斷層分布圖隨著調查資料的進展逐步更新，各種調查方法除了配合新技術的引進同步轉變與提升外，各斷層的條帶地質圖也達到比例尺二萬五千分之一的精確度；進一步落實在法規應用的實務面，除了逐年公告活動斷層地質敏感區，並將地質敏感區的調查結果同步回饋至條帶地質圖的更新與斷層位置的修正外，地質敏感區內土地在開發前應進行基地地質調查與地質安全評估，未來仍會持續加強斷層活動潛勢評估模式的確立與精進。

英文摘要

The birth of Taiwan Island is closely related to plate collision and reactivation of fault movement. The 1999 Chi-Chi Earthquake marked the turning point in neotectonics and earthquake geology studies in Taiwan. With the gradual update of investigation data, CGS has published several editions of “Active Fault Map of Taiwan” on a scale of 1: 500,000 in last two decades, and the geological strip maps for each active fault on a scale of 1: 25,000. Based on the Geology Act, which issued and executed effective in 2011, the land development in active fault geologically sensitive areas have to undergo a specific site investigation in advance. The further investigations of the CGS will continue focusing on the fault activity and earthquake probability assessment for individual active fault as well as make more efforts on those suspected active faults.

英文篇名

3D Geological Structure Model in Taiwan ~ Construction and Applications Implications

作者

柯明淳、楊清淵、柯孝勳、陳文山、吳逸民 、洪嘉佳、楊耿明、吳佩庭、方星尹、楊志成

關鍵字

三維地質構造數值模型、地震、斷層。

摘要

為提升地震災害災前整備與災時應變能力，臺灣地區產官學於地震科學研究投資大量的資源與人才培養，然而地震發震位置與機率受控於地體構造的活動，在地下資料(三維地質構造)未明的情況下，地震防災工作仍隨時處於高張力的挑戰中。有鑑於此，國家災害防救科技中心、國立臺灣大學與國立成功大學於2015年將臺灣地下地質構造資料建置具有向量化的三維地質構造數值模型(3D geological structure model)。目前成果已應用於1.地震事件的地質構造解釋、2.協助新竹科學園區地震韌性評估、3.初步地震災損模擬，提供公共工程建設選址規劃之參考。隨著各種地質資料建置模型逐漸地完備，於未來應可合乎「地震災害防治」、「學術研究」、「社會經濟發展」等不同面向之需求。

英文摘要

Despite the fact that both the government and academic community have invested significant resources in thefield of seismology research, earthquake assessment still faces a lot of challenges, mainly due to the obscure nature of three dimensional geological structures. In order to build an in-depth understanding of seismogenic structures, National Science and Technology Center for Disaster Reduction, in collaboration with National Taiwan University and National Cheng Kung University, compiled previously published data of geological structures and established a 3D geological
structure model--a database of vectorized three dimensional geological models. This database has been applied to the three following projects: 1. providing an adequate explanation of possible seismogenic structures after the occurrence of seismic events, 2. evaluating the earthquake resilience of the Hsinchu Science Park, and 3. estimating the preliminary earthquake damage to and offering primary assistance to public infrastructures. As the construction of all kinds of structures is progressively accomplished, we hope that this work can contribute greatly to earthquake disaster prevention, academic research, and socio-economic development.

英文篇名

The Active Fault Hazard of Utility of Water Pipeline Engineering and Geological Investigation of Tuntzuchiao and Sanyi Active Fault in Central Taiwan

作者

顏呈仰、尤芊翔、陳俊价、謝承恩

關鍵字

輸水管工程、屯子腳斷層、三義斷層。

摘要

近年來臺灣的水資源策略隨著經濟社會發展、氣候變遷及環境保護等議題，開始重視區域
之間的水資源調配，陸續推行各水庫間的聯通管計畫。然而臺灣位於歐亞大陸板塊交界，全臺
灣至今已公開的活動斷層計有36條，其中西半部占了28條，相關的輸水管線及其隧道與橋梁勢
必通過這些密集的活動斷層，面對活動斷層錯動可能引致之危害，因此在工程設計階段前的斷
層調查相當重要。本文以鯉魚潭第二送水管及大安大甲溪聯通管工程通過屯子腳斷層及三義斷
層活動斷層之地質敏感區為例，介紹針對送水管工程之活動斷層調查的方法與規劃過程，以及
地質調查的尺度、地質的不確定性等影響，最終繪製參考斷層分布成果，最後展示兩條活動斷
層的影響範圍與本工程的空間關係，並介紹工程設計上的處理對策，提供國內工程將來進行活
動斷層調查之參考。

英文摘要

The public utility of water pipeline engineering which provide the water deployment has become a crucial facility in Taiwan nowadays. Economic developing, climate change, and environment protection make the water deployment important. However, there are 36 sets of active faults announced in 2021 by the Central Geological Survey(CGS), MOEA, Taiwan. At least 28 sets active faults found in western coast of Taiwan. The long-distance pipelines of water deployment now are facing intensive active faults hazard in western Taiwan. In addition, active fault survey at the plan and design
stage is very important. In this article, we introduced 2 main long-distance water pipeline engineering projects which are “The Interconnecting Pipeline Project between Da-An and Da-Jia rivers “and “The 2nd Liyutan water supply pipeline”. The site investigations across the Tuntzuchiao and Sanyi active faults which are geological sensitive areas were discussed. Results include the plot of detailed active fault traces and their influence on of the pipeline project. The findings can be the references to mitigate the active fault hazard in the future.

英文篇名

Case Study of Buildings Site Investigation across Active Fault in Hsinchu City

作者

丁權、李正兆

關鍵字

新竹斷層、分支斷層、構造地形、全取樣鑽孔、活動斷層工址調查、放棄開發。

摘要

本文以新竹某建案為例，經由詳實之地質調查並證實活動斷層切過調查基地之中央位置。綜合構造地形判釋與地質剖面解釋結果，基地內存在一明顯之地形崖，其下地層呈南陡北緩之形貌為新竹斷層之分支斷層所造成，且應具有與新竹斷層相同之活動性。由岩相分析結果，厚層礫石層與中間所夾之堰塞湖相之砂泥互層均為可能為年代較老之沉積層。本文並認為即便建物範圍得以避開活動斷層跡，但並不等同於避開斷層帶，無法單純以建物距主要斷層的退縮距離來計算，而必須考量整個活動構造的影響範圍。建商考量整體開發利益與社會責任時，最終選擇放棄開發，此亦為因應措施之選項之一。

英文摘要

This paper provided a case study of active fault in Hsinchu city. Through detailed geological survey , we confirmed that the active fault cuts through the central position of the site. Based on the results of interpretation of tectonic geomorphological and geological borehole sections, all stratum were folded and have shear zones deformed by the branch fault of the Hsinchu fault. The branch fault deformed ground surface and formed obvious fault scarps across site. The bedding plane dip in the hanging wall is steeper than that in the footwall of the branch fault. Its activity should be the same as the Hsinchu fault. According to the results of lithofacies analysis, the thick gravel beds intercalated with the sand and mud interbedded layer of the dammed lacustrine environment were probably older alluvium. We further suggest safe building area cannot be calculated simply by the retreat distance of the building from the fault trace, but the influence scope of the entire active structure must be considered. When the builder considers the overall development interests and social responsibility, it finally chooses to abandon the development, which is also one of the options for countermeasures.

英文篇名

Survey and Countermeasures of the Chihshang Fault in the Hualien-Taitung Railway Project

作者

陳錦勝、高耀宏、吳東錦、黃能偉、李民政

關鍵字

花東鐵路、池上斷層。

摘要

為因應花東地區交通運輸需求，爰規劃將現有單軌鐵路路段擴建為雙軌，規劃原則係緊鄰或鄰近於現有鐵路單軌軌道旁增設一軌或新建雙軌。鐵路東里站至池上站工程計畫路段，大多行經經濟部中央地質調查所公告之池上斷層活動斷層地質敏感區。本研究綜整工程計畫於規劃與設計階段之地形判釋、地表調查、地球物理探測、地質鑽孔探查等調查成果，配合既有文獻資料，極大程度釐清了花東鐵路東里站至池上站一帶池上斷層地表位置。另依據池上斷層活動特性，以及計畫路線與池上斷層相對空間關係，對於鐵路營運安全提出設計與營運階段因應對策。

英文摘要

The principle of planning the Hualien-Taitung railway is to add a new track adjacent to an existing single track or build a new double track instead. Most of the sections from Dongli Station to Chihshang Station in this project pass through the geologically sensitive area of Chihshang Fault announced by the Central Geological Survey of Ministry of Economic Affairs. Survey implemented in the planning and design stages were integrated and thus significantly identified the fault trace between Dongli Station and Chihshang Station. These works include topography interpretation, fieldwork, geophysical survey, boreholes drilling, and literatures review. In addition, countermeasures regarding the safety of railway operation in the following design and operation phases were proposed based on the spatial relation between project corridor and the Chihshang Fault.

英文篇名

Investigations and Countermeasures of Tunnel in Metamorphic Rock Area Encountering Fault and Shear Zone ~ Taking the Nan’ao-Heping Section of Suhua Highway as an Example

作者

李宗仁、詹尚書、吳慶輝、林衍丞、陳正勳、蕭秋安

關鍵字

蘇花公路改善工程、變質岩、地質弱帶、地下水、抽坍。

摘要

臺灣蘇花公路改善工程為東部聯外道路的重要公共建設，其中南澳和平段之觀音隧道與相鄰之谷風隧道工程，由60公尺長之鼓音橋將兩座隧道連結成約12.6公里隧道，為臺灣第二長隧道，位於變質岩區，岩性包含有石英雲母片岩、矽質片岩、綠泥石片岩及大理岩等，地質構造與岩層複雜且多變，施工困難度高。本文以隧道施工發生抽坍事件附近區域之地質構造，進行地質構造分類與肇因探討，發現致災性地質構造與片理異向性、岩石材料之劈理領域厚度、褶皺波長及部位、移位構造、風化條件及後造山期張裂構造等具有相關性，也因施工現地構造尺度及地下水富集程度等條件，使每次抽坍事件都具有獨特性。本文期供後續類似施工案例之參考。

英文摘要

Suhua highway improvement project is a major road construction designed to connect eastern Taiwan. In which, Guanin and Gufeng tunnel of Nan’ao-Heping section are linked with Guin bridge (60 m) and become the second longest tunnel in Taiwan (12.6 km). Located in metamorphic refolded phyletic rock region, mainly comprised of quartz-mica schist, siliceous schist, chlorite schist and marble. The geological structure and rock formation are complex and changeable, and the construction is difficult. This article primarily focuses on the relationship between collapsed events during the construction and the geological structure on site. In this article, the correlation of the disaster-prone geological structure and features as phyletic rock anisotropic phenomenon, thickness of rock mass cleavage domain, wavelength and position of folds, transpose structure, weathering conditions and tensile fractures of post orogenic movement is innovatively presented. According to the condition of the scale of geological structures and ground water abundances, every collapsed event is unique. This article is for reference of subsequent similar construction cases.

英文篇名

Design and Construction of Tunnels Passing Through Faults ~ A Case Study in Xinyi Expressway Project

作者

劉家銘、黃慈銘、彭錦法、周忠仁、曾惠斌

關鍵字

隧道、工程地質、斷層帶、受壓水層、抽坍、支撐、監測。

摘要

信義快速道路工程為銜接北二高萬芳交流道及信義路五段之公路工程，由於以隧道穿越拇指山及象山山區，隧道之工程地質問題為本工程主要需克服之課題。其中成福斷層為本工區主要地質構造，通過本工程文山隧道北上線里程約1K+593至1K+635，南下線里程約1K+563至1K+613， 斷層帶寬度分別約為42及50公尺， 與調查及設計階段預估之斷層位置(1K+555至1K+605)相近。成福斷層帶由破碎之砂岩、頁岩、凝灰岩、及其角礫岩與斷層泥所組成，岩層褶曲破碎，夾多量斷層泥，膠結不良，斷層帶下盤則未出現受壓水層。
本工程遭遇成福斷層段施工對策包括：先進行隧道內水平前進鑽孔探查，以縮短輪進長度及選擇適當支撐形式因應，必要時採固結灌漿強化地盤穩定性，並透過隧道計測系統研判隧道穩定性。依據本工程於成福斷層段及附近路段監測儀器量測結果，數據趨於收斂穩定，無異常變形或持續變形現象，顯示本工程原支撐設計達實際岩體及隧道安全所需。
本工程北上線隧道施工曾遭遇不預期之抽坍事件，經緊急採用頂拱鑽設工字鋼樑加強支撐、灌漿回填及掛網噴凝土封面等處理措施，後續順利通過成福斷層段；南下線成福斷層段之岩性與北上線成福斷層段相近，惟其地層受剪裂褶曲程度較北上線為輕，依據北上線處理之經驗，以縮短輪進長度及採用V類支撐因應，順利通過成福斷層段。茲將本工程通過成福段層帶之抽坍處理及相對應輪進與設計支撐形式經驗分享，期提供後續類似計畫之參考。

英文摘要

Xinyi Expressway is a roadway engineering project that was built to make connections between Wanfang Interchange of National Freeway 3 and Xinyi Road Section 5 of Taipei City. Since it was designed to pass through the Thumb Hill and Elephant Mountain area via tunnels, the tunnel-related engineering geology problems became the main issues of the project.
The major geologic structure within the project is Chenfu Fault, which intercepts the expressway at northbound chainage of about 1K+593 to 1K+635 and southbound 1K+563 to 1K+613 of Wenshan Tunnel with bandwidth of about 42 and 50 m, respectively. The results were compared fairly with the anticipated location (at chainage of about 1K+555 to 1K+605) derived in the investigation and design stage. The fault is composed of fractured sandstone, shale, tuff, and breccia, and fault gouges.
The rock bedding features folding and fracture with abundant weakly-textured fault gorges. There is no confined aquifer discovered in the footwall of the fault.The construction countermeasures against the Chengfu fault in the project included carrying out horizontal drilling exploration in the tunnel, shortening the round length of excavation, and selecting appropriate supporting systems. If necessary, consolidation grouting would be conducted to enhance the ground stability. The stability of the tunnels was further assessed through the monitoring system. According to the measurement obtained from the Chengfu fault section and nearby road sections of the project, the data tended to be converged and no abnormal or continuing deformation was observed, an indicative that the original support design of the project meets the actual safety requirements of the rock mass and tunnel.
During the construction of the northbound tunnel, an unexpected collapse event was encountered at the fault section. After such emergency measures as reinforcement of supporting system by installing steel I-beams on the tunnel crown, back grouting, and shotcrete on the excavation face were applied, the Chengfu fault section was overcame. The lithology of the fault on the southbound is similar to that on the northbound, but the degree of shear folding of the stratum is lighter.
Based on the northbound experience, the Chengfu fault section of southbound tunnel was successfully conquered by shortening the round length and adopting V-class supports. This paper shares the experience obtained from the collapse treatment of the Chengfu fault section and the corresponding round length and design supports. It is hoped to provide a reference for similar projects in the future.

英文篇名

Use of Geosynthetic-Reinforced Foundations to Mitigate Ground Deformation Induced by Reverse Faulting

作者

蔣榮、楊國鑫、吳俊緯、洪勇善、阮仲如

關鍵字

地工合成材料、平面加勁基礎、外包加勁砂柱、逆斷層、地表變形。

摘要

1999年集集地震造成車籠埔斷層帶附近大量房屋與結構物因地表變形損壞與倒塌，目前國內已於建築技術規則中明訂，活動斷層兩側禁建範圍內不得從事建築開發，然而由於臺灣活動斷層分布密集，部分線性構造物例如高速公路、隧道或擋土結構等公共基礎建設，仍無法避免由斷層帶通過，大幅增加斷層錯動地表變形災害之風險。本研究以國道4號臺中環線豐原-潭子路段加勁擋土牆橫跨車籠埔斷層為啟發，透過物理模型試驗評估平面加勁基礎及外包加勁砂柱基礎對於減緩逆斷層錯動引致地表變形之效果，並探討相關力學機制。試驗結果顯示平面加勁基礎於逆斷層錯動量較小時(S/H

英文摘要

This paper presents a series of model tests on geosynthetic-reinforced soil (GRS) foundations and geotextile-encased granular columns (GEC) across a reverse fault. The aim was to evaluate the performance of reinforced foundations as mitigation measures for surface faulting hazards. The effectiveness of GRS foundations and GECs in reducing reverse fault-induced ground deformation was investigated. Test results revealed that compared with the unreinforced foundation, the GRS foundation was effective in reducing the maximum angular distortion at the ground surface at relatively small fault offsets (S/H

英文篇名

Investigation and Maintenance Experience of Highway Affected by Fault and Geodetic Displacement

作者

陳國隆、鄭榮輝、蕭秋安、張嘉興、紀建宇、楊智堯

關鍵字

中寮隧道、旗山斷層、大地變位。

摘要

國道3號於里程378k+298~380k+653位於高雄市田寮區，原為田寮3號高架橋及中寮隧道，長度約2.4公里。田寮3號高架橋及中寮隧道自1996年開始施工，2000年完工通車，營運期間本路段於田寮3號高架橋A1橋台及中寮隧道北洞口屢次發生結構變形損壞情況，且屢修屢壞造成養護之困難。因橋梁及隧道結構逐漸累積大量變形，若無法瞭解其損壞原因並徹底解決，長期而言將有結構劣化危及交通之潛在風險。檢視本路段所在區域通過車瓜林斷層及旗山斷層，並分別跨越古亭坑層泥岩、烏山層砂頁岩以及蓋子寮頁岩等不同之岩性地質。其中旗山斷層經由經濟部中央地質調查所的研究與調查，證實其仍具有活動性，並於2010年將其由存疑性活動斷層直接提升為第一類活動斷層，而車瓜林斷層也在2021年由非活動斷層直接公告為第一類活動斷層，顯示本路段確實受斷層構造及大地變位影響，為徹底瞭解本路段橋梁、隧道變形之主要原因及破壞機制，做為後續辦理長期改善與維護管理之參考。

英文摘要

National Highway No. 3 is located in Tianliao District, Kaohsiung City with a mileage of 378k+298~380k+653. It was originally Tianliao No. 3 Viaduct and Chongliao Tunnel, with a length of about 2.4 kilometers. Construction of Tianliao No. 3 Viaduct and Chongliao Tunnel began in 1985 and was completed in 1989. During operation, structural deformation and damage occurred repetitively at the A1 abutment of Tianliao No. 3 Viaduct and the north entrance of Chongliao Tunnel. Repetitive damages caused difficulties in maintenance. Because of the gradual accumulation of a large amount of deformation in bridge and tunnel structures, there will be a potential risk of structural deterioration and endangering traffic for a long period of time. This issue needs to be understood and solved completely. This highway section passes through the Chekualin fault and Chishan fault, which were announced as the Holocene active faults in 2021 and 2010 respectively, indicating that this section is indeed affected by the fault structure and geodetic displacement. In order to thoroughly understand the main reasons and the damage mechanism for the deformation of bridges and tunnels in this section, it can be used as a reference for subsequent long-term improvement and maintenance management.

英文篇名

A Comparative Study on the Calculation Methods of Axial Bearing Capacity of Foundation Piles for Offshore Wind Turbines: (I) Uniform Soil Layers

作者

黃俊鴻、王俊翔

關鍵字

離岸風機、基樁、軸向承載力、ICP法

摘要

本文旨在介紹歐美海域與離岸風機工程以CPT參數為基礎之基樁軸向承載力計算方法，包括發展背景、計算公式與相關理論及文獻。為清楚顯示各方法的特性與相對保守度，本文以100m深之海下均勻砂土層與黏土層為計算例，進行大口徑打擊式鋼管樁軸壓承載力之比較研究。其中，砂土層與黏土層工程性質係取自臺灣西岸近海之大地工程調查報告。研究結果顯示目前臺灣離岸風場所採用的設計方法ICP法，因為嚴重低估基樁底部點承力，在設計上特別保守。本文最後對研究結果進行討論與建議，期能對臺灣後續離岸風機工程之基樁設計工作有所助益。

英文摘要

This paper aims to introduce the calculation methods of the axial bearing capacity of foundation piles using CPT parameters which are based on European and American offshore engineering practice. The development background, calculation formula, related theories and literatures would be reviewed. In order to clearly show the characteristics and relative conservativeness of each method, a comparative study is performed to evaluate the axial compression bearing capacity of largediameter steel pipe piles driven in uniform sand and clay layers which are under the sea at a depth of 100m. The engineering properties of the sand and the clay layers are taken from the geological investigation report for the offshore area near the west
coast of Taiwan. The results of the study show that the current ICP (Imperial College Pile) design method adopted for the design of offshore wind farms in Taiwan is particularly conservative because it seriously underestimates the end bearing capacity of the driven pile. In the end, this article proposes some discussions and design suggestions. It is hoped that the study can be helpful to the foundation pile design work of the future offshore wind turbines (OWT) in Taiwan.

英文篇名

Type Selection and Construction Planning of the Double- Folding Shield Machine for the CQ850 Section Standard of Taipei MRT Wanda Line

作者

余旭洲

關鍵字

急曲線、潛盾機選型、排樁破除。

摘要

隨著都會區高度開發及有限的土地用量，地面交通已無法滿足民眾需求，為減低交通衝擊及解決用地困擾，捷運路線於規劃考量時，在捷運車站間多採潛盾隧道工法，以增加都會區土地利用。然而，在面對擁擠的都市地下空間中，進行急曲線潛盾隧道施工，其困難度更高。在面對R51m急曲線施工中如何有效減少超挖量、降低地面沉陷風險，並確保潛盾機盾尾間隙量能使環片準確安裝在設計位置為施工中2個關鍵因素。本標潛盾隧道工程除須面臨R51m及R57m的極小曲率轉彎半徑外，尚需克服位於CP6聯絡通道前之雙和橋擋土排樁(樁徑1.2m、寬度20m)破除作業、大量地盤改良體、早期瓦瑤溝抽水站地下擋土結構及橋梁基礎地下障礙物等施工困難。在面對各種施工難題，如何選擇適宜的隧道鑽掘施工機具及附屬設備為重要課題，其中尤以R51m急曲線施工為本工程潛盾機選型考量主要關鍵。本次潛盾機選型除評估各製造商所提潛盾機設計方案，且著重於潛盾機整體設計及相關配套措施，並比較日系潛盾機與歐系潛盾機的差異性。

英文摘要

With the highly developed metropolitan and limited land using area, ground transportation has been unable to meet the needs of the people. In order to reduce the impact of traffic and solve available landing problems, the MRT route often adopts shield tunnel construction methods between MRT stations which can increase land use for other purposes in metropolitan areas at planning stage. However, for the crowded urban underground space, the construction of a sharp curve shield tunnel is very difficult. Two key factors are considered during the construction of the R51m sharp curve. First one is reducing the amount of overexcavation effectively and the other one is reducing the risk of ground subsidence to ensure that the shield tail clearance of the shield machine can accurately install the ring sheet at the designed position. In addition to the extremely small curvature turning radius of R51m and R57m, the shield tunnel project of this standard still needs to overcome the removal of the retaining piles of the Shuanghe Bridge (pile diameter of 1.2m, width of 20m) located in front of the CP6 connecting passage, and a large number of site improvements. Difficulties also include the underground retaining structure of the previous Wayaogou pumping station and the underground obstacles of the bridge foundation. While facing various construction problems, how to select suitable tunnel excavation machinery and auxiliary equipment is an important topic. In particularly, the R51m sharp curve construction is the main key consideration for the selection of shield machines for this project. In addition to evaluating the design of shield machines proposed by various manufacturers, the selection of shield machines was focused on the overall design of the shield machines and related supporting measures. Comparisons between Japanese shield machines and European ones are also made.

作者

詹佩臻、陳均維

摘要

本次主講人皆為地工年輕世代，本著學校的扎實理論，初生之犢的熱情與各公司堅強的團隊，與大家分享TORSA程式應用

作者

顏呈仰、李俊霖、楊志遠、魏文駿

摘要

「烏溪鳥嘴潭人工湖工程計畫」位於南投縣草屯鎮，建設完成後預估可蓄水達1,450萬噸，目的為供應彰化地區及南投地區，每日21萬噸及4萬噸的水量，以改善中部地區地層下陷問題，並提供穩定之區域水源。主要應辦工程可分為「引水設施工程」及「人工湖工程」

作者

李宗仁、陳正勳、詹尚書

摘要

公路總局興建「台9線蘇花公路山區路段改善工程」，北起宜蘭縣蘇澳至花蓮縣崇德止，以蘇澳東澳段、南澳和平段及和中清水段等三路段進行改善，總長38.8公里，110年1月19日全線開放通行。南澳和平段包含武塔、觀音及谷風等三座隧道，長度分別為0.46公里、7.9公里、4.6公里。

作者

黃慈銘

摘要

隨著北部濱海地區蓬勃發展，臺2線竹圍段及關渡大橋交通壅塞情形日趨嚴重。有鑑於此，公路總局1998年規劃在淡水河口處興建一座新的橋梁，行政院2014年1月15日核定後隨即展開評選與發包程序，開始進行調查與設計，以期達到改善擁塞交通，串聯淡水河兩岸旅遊休憩活動，促進地方發展之目的(圖一)。
淡江大橋跨河主橋段長920m，橋塔高211m，主跨距450m，背跨距175m，橋面最寬處約70m，為世界主跨最長之單塔不對稱跨距斜張橋，也是臺灣第一座公路和軌道共構的景觀橋，工程自2019年02月23日開工，預定2024年9月23日完工。