作者

黃文昭、林錫宏

摘要

本期岩石邊坡相關文章的編排順序，以逐步揭示岩石邊坡從調查分析到監測整治的各項技術進展為主，內容包括：1.公路岩石邊坡的調查案例與風險評估、2.物理模型試驗的分析評估、3.建立地質模型與整治工程技術、4.監測與物聯網的防災應用。最後說明地層下陷與土壤液化之案例分析

作者

田永銘

摘要

四十年前，在陸軍工兵學校接受預備軍官分科教育訓練，有一天，來了幾位生面孔的校級軍官，聽說是要來挑選教官，經過筆試及面試後，結訓前，我被通知不必抽籤，直接到鳳山陸軍軍官校報到。報到時我被賦予唯一任務是到軍事工程系開授「工程地質學」。自忖大學工程地質學只是低空略過，擔心誤了未來保家衛國的棟樑，詢問可否改開其他課程？系主任的回答是：「全系沒有老師願意開這門課，就是你了」。軍令如山，只好每天跑圖書館臨陣磨槍，時間一到，粉墨登場。役畢回到成大土木系，當時李德河教授剛從京都大學學成歸國，溫文儒雅，風度翩翩，景仰之餘遂拜入其門下，進入岩石力學試驗室，從此踏上工程地質與岩石力學探索之旅。碩、博士班期間除大地組的課程外，也到結構組、機械系、地科系、礦油系、航太所修讀連體力學、彈性力學、塑性力學、有限元素法、複合材料力學、構造地質學等課程。潘國樑博士的遙測地質學上課時發給學生一堆航空照片，要求我們透過航空立體照片對判讀，找出崩塌地的位置；陳時祖教授的岩坡工程每次上課都會架設一個超大型壓克力轉盤，覆蓋在也是超大型的stereonet上作為教具，講解planar failure、wedge failure、toppling failure等不同破壞型態的岩坡其不連續面位態特徵及穩定分析方法。
四十年前，國科會開始推動「大型防災研究計畫」，第一年未將坡地納入計畫範疇，當時在科技顧問組兼任的潘國樑博士等人奔走下，第二年國科會才同意將坡地災害納入計畫，並由洪如江教授擔任計畫主持人(黃筱卿，大地技師期刊，第12期，2016)。我因在李德河教授門下，得以參與一系列西南部泥岩方面的野外調查、取樣及試驗的國科會坡地防災計畫。大型防災研究計畫之後，國科會持續推動防災國家型科技計畫、強化災害防救科技研發落實運作方案、災害防救應科方案、中央與地方情資整合研究等任務導向的計畫。內政部消防署則結合地方政府，推動防災深耕計畫，藉由與學研協力機構的合作，強化第一線基層防救災能力。期間也陸續成立NCREE、NCDR、TTFRI防災研發的專責機構。在法規方面，災害防救法、地質法頒佈也有助於健全災害防救體制，提升全民防災意識及災害應變能力。
四十年前，一群海外學有大地工程專長的學人、專家陸續返國，為臺灣的高等教育及國家建設注入新血。這批帶有理想色彩的年輕學者及工程師，出錢出力，多方奔走，倡議籌辦雜誌，推廣地工技術。這個構想具體實踐就是地工技術的創刊。四十年來，地工技術始終堅持協力推廣大地工程技術，提昇國內工程水準，以促進國家經濟建設的初衷，是臺灣大地工程新知與經驗交流的最重要的平臺。本期以「岩石邊坡的監測調查、分析與整治」專輯，涵蓋物理模型試驗與分析、公路岩坡案例調查與風險評估、崩塌岩坡工程整治、岩坡監測與物聯網防災應用等，內容完整，極具可讀性及參考性。作者群中多位也是交通部頒訂「公路邊坡工程設計規範」及「公路邊坡大地工程設施維護與管理規範」草案編訂小組的成員，相信在大地工程界的努力下，一定可以精進提昇我國公路邊坡的工程品質，提高用路人的安全。
四十年來的地工技術忠實紀錄著臺灣大地工程從萌芽期進入蓬勃發展期的進程演進，其中有令人激賞的工程建設，也有讓人痛徹心扉的天災地變。
以下的文字雖然讓人怵目驚心，不忍卒讀，但卻是殷鑑不遠的坡地災害：
● 1997年林肯大郡順向坡災變，造成兩百多戶房屋倒塌受損，28人罹難。
● 1999年集集地震誘發草嶺順向坡滑動，滑動面積達四百公頃，土石方量一億兩千萬立方公尺，36人罹難。
● 1999年集集地震九份二山順向坡滑動，面積近一百公頃，土石方量三千三百萬立方公尺，39人罹難。
● 2009年莫拉克颱風強降雨引發獻肚山山崩，面積約六十公頃，土石方量兩千五百萬立方公尺，土石淹沒小林村(含避難處所)，474人慘遭活埋，形同滅村。
● 2010年國道三號3.1K順向坡崩塌，崩塌土石二十二萬立方公尺，阻斷南北雙向車道約170公尺，3車4人遭土石掩埋。
臺灣位處歐亞大陸板塊及菲律賓海板塊的交界，屬於全球地震最活躍的環太平洋地震帶，劇烈的板塊碰撞，造成地形山高谷深與地質破碎脆弱敏感；同時，臺灣也位於西北太平洋颱風主要路徑及東亞梅雨地帶，導致地質災害潛勢與風險未曾中斷，因此，臺灣雖是世人稱羨的美麗之島，從地質及氣候條件而觀，卻也是地質災害好發之地。在臺灣地工界的努力下，坡地工程技術有大幅進步，例如：像米蘭山莊、白雞山莊等不當開發、施工引致的坡地災害已不復見。但面對極端氣候下，順向坡大規模崩塌引致的災害，依然還有很大的努力跟精進空間。地工技術期刊承載大地工程領域專家學者40多年的心血結晶，不僅身負傳遞技術新知之重責大任，更有傳承經驗、培育後學的嚴肅使命。期許地工界的夥伴持續深耕地工技術，建構強韌臺灣，為國家工程建設及防災減災作出貢獻。

英文篇名

Investigating the Wedge Failures of Jointed Rock Slopes: Lesson Learned from Recent Cases in Taiwan

作者

林承翰、林劭儒、張育瑄、林銘郎

關鍵字

節理岩坡、楔型破壞、野外調查、砂箱試驗、數值模擬

摘要

根據近年臺灣發生於鄰近交通幹線的岩坡災害，多數案例並非破壞在侷限於層面或板劈理面形成的單一滑動面，潛在破壞面可能由多組節理弱面同時構成，即岩坡工程問題須以節理岩坡作為分析對象；此外，災害案例也顯示節理岩坡破壞的主要機制為節理連通，即原先非延續的節理弱面受擾動連通，在此情境下裂隙水能夠沿裂隙網絡充分流動，促使坡體內地下水位變化加劇，岩體強度隨之急遽下降終至破壞。本文旨於在評估不連續面特性與裂隙水條件對節理岩坡破壞之影響，研究著重由多組節理弱面所構成的楔型破壞，首先藉由實際案例的野外調查成果建立概念模型，進行砂箱試驗與數值模擬來掌握行為現象與模型驗證，最終回頭針對實際案例建立全尺度節理岩坡模型，說明針對楔型破壞調查與分析的實際應用，並深入探討當前成果的防災價值。

英文摘要

In recent years, most highway slope disasters in Taiwan were due to complex wedge failures of oblique slopes. To understand the failure mechanism, an advanced discrete element modeling scheme which incorporates the hydro-mechanical coupling mechanism would be an important tool. In addition, detailed field investigations, intensive analysis of the discontinuity characteristics derived from UAV-based 3D point cloud models, and small-scale sandbox modeling are also necessary to help develop and verify the numerical model. By using a case study of the slope failure along the Northern Cross-Island Highway in Taiwan, this paper demonstrates the applicability of this proposed integrated analysis procedure on modeling the wedge failures of jointed rock slopes. The proposed approach would be useful to civil engineers for evaluating highway slope stability and to relevant authorities for developing the slope hazard mitigation strategies.

英文篇名

Risk Assessment and Grading of Rock Slope Along the 81.7k to 84.0k Highway in Nan Ya Village

作者

吳宇宸、 羅佳明

關鍵字

公路邊坡、風險評估、岩坡單元、空拍建模

摘要

受多山地形影響，臺灣有許多位於山區之建設。而許多山區建設長期暴露於山崩風險之中，如何在有限資源中，分辨風險程度並決定整治順序相當重要。面對此議題，風險評估可同時將崩塌發生可能性，以及發生時造成之衝擊程度納入分析。使得分析涵蓋層面較為全面，具有相當之優勢。本文以既有方法為基礎進行延伸，嘗試建立更加明確之判斷標準，並結合空拍技術輔助現地調查，強化其實用性與分析品質。同時首創岩坡單元概念，將岩石邊坡分割為內部均值之較小區塊。分割後之區塊不僅有利於風險評估進行，也提升後續管理之便利性。

英文摘要

In Taiwan, there are lots of buildings and facilities located on the mountains that face the threat of landslides. It is vital to determine how to reduce the risks with limited resource. Risk assessment of slope failure is a great method to identify the slopes that are most likely to fail. To determine the risk level, it is important to consider the probability of occurrence and the socio-economic and environmental impacts of the landslide. In this study, we establish a practical risk assessment scheme which utilizes the site investigation data obtained from UAV. In addition, we develop a new concept called the rock slope unit, which is obtained by dividing the rock slope into small blocks. We believe that the use of the rock slope unit is conducive to risk assessment and can lead to more effective management.

英文篇名

Exploring the Effect of Plane Orientation on the Failure Mechanisms of Wedged Rock Slopes by Physical Tests

作者

黃文昭、黃品捷、董詠濬、洪汶宜

關鍵字

楔形岩坡、離心試驗、尺度效應、弱面位態

摘要

本文以室內試驗探討楔形岩坡破壞機制受弱面及地層位態之影響，由前人研究可以得知，傳統楔形破壞之穩定性可由兩弱面之面角、對稱角、交線傾伏角以及弱面摩擦角來評估，由現地調查結果可以得知，楔形岩坡之破壞亦可能受到層面位態影響。實驗結果指出，單一楔形塊體之穩定性可用極限平衡法初步評估，岩楔若被層面切割，則層面之位態對於岩楔崩滑(落)有關鍵的影響：若層面與坡面傾向相同(順向)，則其初始運動的岩楔會從坡頂及坡面處以楔形滑動的方式破壞；若層面與坡面傾向相反(逆向)，則岩楔會由坡趾及坡面處產生翻倒破壞，且其崩落率較順向楔形岩坡低。最後，離心試驗結果指出，岩楔運動機制與坡體尺寸相關性較低，但坡體尺寸愈大，其受影響坡體範圍愈大，且崩落比亦較高。

英文摘要

In this study, the movement and failure mechanism of the wedged rock slopes that were separated by several weak plane sets were analyzed using our in-house centrifuge test set-up. Based on field investigations and literature review, the stability of wedged rock slopes can be preliminarily evaluated based on limit equilibrium analysis. The angles between the two weak planes, the plunge of the intersection line of the two planes and the orientations of the beddings were considered when constructing the centrifuge physical models of the wedged rock slopes. Analysis results indicated that as the dip of the bedding was the same as the orientation of the rock slope face, the locations of the initial moving wedge blocks were close to the slope surface; while as the dip of the bedding was opposite to the orientation of the rock slope face, the locations of the initial moving wedge blocks were close to the slope toe. Moreover, the collapsing rate was low. It was also found that the increase of the slope scale can result in the raise of the collapsing rate of the rock wedges.

英文篇名

Seismic Response and Stability Analysis of Anti-dip Rock Slope Based on Shaking Table Tests

作者

李宏輝、陳祺杰、邱雅筑、簡志峻

關鍵字

逆向岩坡、振動台試驗、物理模型

摘要

逆向岩坡是臺灣常見的地質特徵，其容易在地震荷載作用下引致塊體滑移與落石等破壞。本研究以逆向岩坡物理模型進行單自由度振動台試驗，運用高速攝影機記錄影像並分析塊體滑移、旋轉與傾倒等運動，以探討引致逆向岩坡失穩的加速度與破壞機制。研究指出：1.具深層滑動面之逆向岩坡，隨著滑動面傾角(ψp)愈高，愈容易受震引致破壞；2.在相同的PGA條件下，頻率越低，塊體的滑動量與傾倒量越大；3.塊體間之力量傳遞順序與塊體寬高比(∆x/Yn)有關。上述試驗結果可提供逆向岩坡受震破壞數值模擬的參考運用。

英文摘要

The response of an anti-dip rock slope to an earthquake was modeled in this study by conducting a series of shaking table tests. The stability and the failure process for an anti-dip slope under different seismic loads were evaluated. A high-speed camera was used for non-contact measurement and the captured images were analyzed to identify the processes of block sliding, rotation, and toppling. The results demonstrated that (1) an anti- dip slope with a low block inclination angle (ψp) has higher resistance to seismic loads; (2) for the same peak ground acceleration (PGA), the lower the frequency, the greater is the extent of block sliding and toppling failure; (3) when an anti-dip slope is subjected to a seismic load, the blocks with the smallest aspect ratio (Δx/Yn) start to move first and the order of force transmission between the blocks depends on the aspect ratio. The results showed that the slenderest block dictates the stability of an anti-dip slope. The physical models from this study can be used to verify against the numerical simulation models of anti-dip rock slopes.

英文篇名

Refinement and Value-Added Application of Geological Models for Potential Landslide Area in Dejective Zone ~ A Case Study on Bonbon Site

作者

黃淳銘、鍾明劍、康耿豪、陳建新、趙韋安、譚志豪、戴東霖、林錫宏

關鍵字

輕度變質岩帶、潛在大規模崩塌區、邊坡地質調查、邊坡穩定數值分析

摘要

本文研究之芃芃場址為一處下邊坡具重力變形之輕度變質岩帶潛在大規模崩塌區，場址內之潛在滑動塊體具高活動性及分塊複雜性，且高角度牛鬥斷層於本區域通過，造就芃芃場址內之地質、構造變化劇烈及地質模型複雜性高。本文透過地表地質調查、地球物理探查、鑽探等方式針對芃芃場址進行地質調查，並結合長期邊坡活動性觀測成果建置地質模型，模型精進共可分為四個階段，其地質模型之崩積層與下部岩層邊界、崩積層內淺層滑動塊體分塊、牛鬥斷層位置與傾角等地質材料分界與構造位置皆隨調查成果增加逐漸進行修正。配合精進後之地質模型，本文進一步透過GeoStudio軟體進行邊坡穩定性分析，並以情境模擬方式探討常時水位情境、米塔颱風情境、地震情境下之潛在滑動塊體位置與安全係數值，使精進後之地質模型加值應用於防災工作推動。

英文摘要

The Bonbon site studied in this paper is a potential large-scale landslide area in a dejective zone with gravity deformation on the lower slope. The Niutou fault passing through this area has led to dramatic changes in the geology and the structure of the Bonbon site and high complexity of the geological model. In this paper, the geological survey of the Bonbon site is carried out by means of surface geological survey, geophysical survey, and drilling, etc.. Moreover, long-term slope activity observations are conducted. Based on the aforementioned data, a geological model is built. The model refinement can be divided into four stages. The boundary of the colluvium layer, the subdivision of the shallow sliding blocks in the colluvium layer and the location and the dip angle of the Niutou fault, etc. in the geological model are revised with the availability of additional survey results. In conjunction with the advanced geological model, the slope stability is evaluated using GeoStudio. In this paper, the locations of the potential landslide block and the factors of safety under normal groundwater level scenario, Mita typhoon scenario, and earthquake scenario, are presented. The advanced geological model can be value-added as it can be subsequently applied to the promotion of disaster prevention work

英文篇名

Topographic Changes after the Development of the Dip Slope on Qiyan Mountain and Historical Hazard Remediation Investigations

作者

葉家志、林宜修、周坤賢、楊安庭、李智善

關鍵字

順向坡、木山層、擋土牆、陽明校區、填土區破壞

摘要

奇岩山順向坡自陽明交通大學(陽明校區)1974年建校至今，已有48年歷史，由於校區位屬山坡地且為順向坡，校區之開發因使用用途，如山頂運動場、辦公大樓等，屬大量挖填基地，雖工程邊坡保全考量奇岩山順向坡之破壞潛勢，亦考量坡地人工填築等風險，但近年來極端氣候造成瞬間時雨量，已超過重現期距25年之降雨強度，故至此近十年來仍發生過邊坡不穩定甚至破壞情形，校園邊坡安全仍需持續改善及維護。本文從地質調查、歷史災害及工程處理及邊坡危險分區及擋土設施總體檢，內容作介紹。根據鑽探三點定位法所得本區層面位態為N87.6˚E/17.5˚E、本區域歷史坍塌主要為填土破壞、邊坡分區分級之高風險位在教學區一帶、實驗大樓後方之地錨擋土牆預力損失達50%、目前本區已設有十座4G傳輸之測站、119個自動化監測儀器(水位計、傾斜儀、傾斜計、地錨荷重計及資料集錄器)。

英文摘要

The dip slope on Qiyan Mountain has a 48-year history since the National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University (Yangming Campus) was founded in 1974. The campus is located on a dip slope which underwent significant development, such as massive excavation, backfilling for foundation and constructions of buildings and facilities. In the original slope preservation plan, the failure potential of the dip slope on Qiyan Mountain and the adverse effect of the artificial reclamation on the slope were considered. However, due to extreme climate change in recent years, the instantaneous precipitation intensity is so large that it has exceeded the rainfall intensity with a return period of 25 years. In the past decade, there were many incidents of slope instability and even collapses. In this article, the geological survey, historical hazard, engineering remediation strategy, landslide risk zoning, and the retaining facilities in this area are reviewed. According to the three-point positioning drilling method, the bedding attitude for this area is N87.6˚E/17.5˚E. The historical collapse in this area is mainly caused by the damages resulting from the backfilling. The slopes with the highest risk zoning are located in the teaching complex area. The pre-stress loss of the anchored retaining wall behind the Experimental Building is about 50%. At present, there are 10 4G transmission stations and 119 automatic monitoring instruments (including water level gauge, inclinometer, anchor load cell and data recorder) in this area.

英文篇名

Monitoring and Re-stressing of the Anchor Loads after the Remediation of the Maokong Gondola T16 Downslope

作者

鄭世豪、廖洪鈞、王瑞祺、林士淵、謝旻希、楊國鑫

關鍵字

貓纜邊坡、地錨荷重、延伸揚起試驗、地錨複拉

摘要

本文回顧了貓纜T16塔柱下邊坡災害和整治背景，並由整治邊坡上各式監測設施的長期紀錄數據、以及地錨荷重等監測數據變化，判斷目前邊坡狀態是穩定的。但是，當聚焦於地錨長期荷重監測數據以及近期地錨功能檢測結果時，發現服務中的地錨有普遍荷重損失現象，其荷重損失量約為0.2~0.5Tw (8~20T)，究其原因和傳統地錨鋼絞線的銹蝕不同，可能和崩積層的壓密沉陷、地錨材料潛變或錨碇材料潛變有關。因此，當發現地錨鋼絞線銹蝕情況不嚴重，地錨的荷重損失係和地錨材料潛變或土壤潛變所導致的拉力平衡有關時，這種情況不見得只有採用補設地錨進行補強的唯一途徑，也可以評估以地錨複拉取代，故本文以貓纜T16塔柱下方之地錨邊坡為例，建議了一種延伸的地錨揚起試驗來進行既有地錨的錨碇狀態檢查(可複拉條件的評估)，並同步於揚起試驗程序將最大拉力施加至設計拉力以補充損失的荷重，荷重增加產生之承壓鈑和握線器間的空隙，可加入不同厚度之鋼製墊片以完成地錨荷重補充的工作。

英文摘要

This paper reviews the landslide disaster and remediation history of the Maokong Gondola T16 Downslope. The slope is currently stable, which is evaluated based on the long-term monitoring record. However, the anchor loads have decreased approximately by 0.2~0.5Tw (8~20T). Rather than the typical cause which is due to anchor corrosion, the anchor load losses are likely due to the compression and settlement of the colluvium layer and the creep of the anchors and/or soil materials. For such situation, the slope stability can be enhanced by re-stressing the existing anchors instead of installing new anchors. This paper uses the ground anchors at the Maokong Gondola T16 Downslope as an example. An extended lift-off test is proposed to evaluate the behavior of the fixed end of the existing anchors. The test result can serve as an assessment for the possibility of re-stressing the anchors. The applied load during the extended lift-off test is increased to the design anchor load to compensate for the previous anchor load losses. A steel washer is inserted into the gap between the anchorage and the bearing plate to complete the anchor re-stressing process.

英文篇名

Integrating Multi-scale Monitoring Techniques for Rock Slope Early Warning System

作者

鐘志忠、郭治平、F. N. Bahti、林俊成、陳柏齊、邱鈺智、曾得瑋

關鍵字

合成孔徑雷達干涉、GNSS、近景攝影、機器學習、光纖感測

摘要

臺灣地區的岩石邊坡受降雨與地震環境因子影響而有高度崩塌風險，因此本研究基於多元監測技術整合，首先透過合成孔徑雷達干涉(Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar, InSAR) 監控長期LOS (Line of Sight)變位，地面局部區域配合微型陣列反射器與雙頻可攜式之GNSS位移監測元件應用，可作為率定參考；再者本研究研發光學與熱簡易型監測模組於岩坡表面之長期性即時影像測量(photogrammetry)；並使用AI機器學習技術，透過對邊坡位移預測及坡地影像辨識來判斷山崩可能；本研究另外引入新式光纖分佈(Distributed optical fiber sensor, DOFS)技術之布里淵散射光時域反射技術(Brillouin Optical Time Domain Reflectometry, BOTDR)。本研究基於上述不同監測方法之整合與研發測試，藉以提供多元尺度調查方法於邊坡監測及預警之應用。

英文摘要

Many rock slopes in Taiwan are susceptible to landslides and require monitoring for safety control. In this study, we integrate several multi-scale monitoring techniques for developing a rock slope early warning system. The large-scale area can be monitored by using Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR). The InSAR images can be used to track the long-term Line of Sight (LOS) displacement. For selected local areas, the micro-array corner reflector and the dual-frequency portable GNSS displacement monitoring devices can be used and the results can be compared to those from InSAR. On the other hand, the optical and thermal camera modules can be used for long-term real-time monitoring. Then, based on different photogrammetry methods, the imageries can be used to deduce the displacement of the rock slope. The Machine Learning technique can be applied on slope images and rainfall data to determine the behavior of the landslides. The distributed optical fiber sensor (DOFS), which is based on the Brillouin Optical Time Domain Reflectometry (BOTDR), is also considered for monitoring the displacement of the rock slope. In this study, we have demonstrated that the multi-scale surveys can form an efficient slope monitoring and early warning system.

英文篇名

Open Source Internet of Things in Smart Slope Monitoring

作者

魏殷哲、林志平、趙韋安、康耿豪、戴東霖

關鍵字

開源物聯網、智慧邊坡、即時觀測

摘要

偏遠山區的災害預警在極端氣候帶來的複合式災害中，成為區域安全疏散的關鍵資訊。早期邊坡自動化觀測多數仰賴人工定期收錄，物聯網與無線傳輸技術普及化後，智慧邊坡的即時自動化觀測應用不僅節省了人工觀測成本，亦提升觀測作業安全性。開源物聯網打破了土木水保領域人員在邊坡觀測中引入物聯網技術的門檻，本文透過分享相關架構以及於山坡地之應用情景，達到有效、即時、智慧地控管邊坡的關鍵觀測數據。透過即時提供重要預警防災資訊，縮短資料判釋與警戒事件發生的時間差，冀以成為智慧防災利器。

英文摘要

Early warning of composite hazards resulted from extreme climate in remote mountainous areas is crucial to the effectiveness of regional evacuation. Most automatic observation systems in slopes have relied on routine manual data retrieval. After the advancement in both Internet of Things (IoT) and wireless transmission technology, the implementation of real-time automated monitoring in a smart slope program not only reduced manual observation cost, but also improved personnel safety during observation operation. The simple and resourceful open source IoT overcomes the barrier for personnel in the civil engineering, and soil and water conservation fields to include IoT in slope monitoring programs. This paper presents the relevant framework of open source IoT and its implementation in a slope monitoring case. The aim is to illustrate how to harvest key information from observation data in an effective, instant and intelligent fashion. By providing crucial early warning information for disaster prevention, open source IoT implementation can shorten the time delay between data interpretation and critical event occurrences, which in turn becomes a smart disaster prevention tool.

英文篇名

Groundwater Drawdown and Subsidence in the Taipei Basin

作者

黃南輝、莫若楫

關鍵字

地下水、沉陷分析、景美層、抽水、地面水補注

摘要

在廿世紀50至80年代，因為超抽地下水，導致臺北盆地產生超過2m的地表沉陷。沉陷與地下水水位變遷的關聯性在學術上有其意義，值得深入研究。但由於早年的水位資料及沉陷紀錄付之闕如，有賴回饋分析推估。
沉陷的主要機制是景美層中地下水測壓水位因超抽而下降，其上方松山層中的地下水因之流失，土壤因而壓密以致體積減少。地質調查顯示，除士林及北投區外，盆地四處都有景美礫石層分布，相互連成水路，由此推論，盆地的廣大地區都受到景美層測壓水位下降的影響。另一方面，盆地面積不大，而有淡水河及其三大支流流經，可以推論盆地的大部份地區的地下水都受到河水之補注。除此之外，盆地四周高地的地下水亦有補注之作用，使得沉陷機制之探討深具挑戰性。
大地工程專業顧問在臺北捷運興建初期受臺北市政府捷運工程局委託進行專案研究，以提供設計者及施工者土壤參數以為設計及施工之參考。本文以該專案施作的三鑽孔所得資料進行回饋分析，推估地表沉陷歷史及地表沉陷與地下水水位變遷之關連性。

英文摘要

Due to excessive pumping of groundwater between 1950s and 1980s, the Taipei Basin experienced substantial subsidence, which exceeded 2m in magnitude. It is of great interest to correlate the ground subsidence with the lowering of groundwater levels. The lack of early data, however, makes it difficult to do so and back analyses have to be carried out to estimate the subsidence and the drawdown prior to the dates of the existing records.
For Taipei Basin, it is clear that the subsidence was a result of the consolidation of the soft deposits in the Songshan formation as the piezometric levels in the underlying gravelly layer, i.e., the so-called Jingmei formation, were lowered. Site investigations show that the Jingmei formation spreads over the entire basin, except the Shilin and Beitou Districts in the northern part of the basin; therefore, it is envisaged that the groundwater level in most part of the basin is affected by the drawdown. On the other hand, the groundwater is replenished by the Tamsui River and its three tributaries. The mechanism of subsidence is further complicated by the replenishment of the water from the highlands along the rim of the basin.
In the beginning of the construction of Taipei Metro, consultants specialized in geotechnical engineering were requested by the Department of Rapid Transit Systems of Taipei City Government to conduct a research program to study the ground conditions along the MRT routes and to provide soil parameters to designers and contractors for the designs and constructions of the metro systems. In this paper, based on the borehole data, the historical ground settlements and their correlation with the groundwater drawdown were evaluated.

英文篇名

Subsurface Investigation of Liquefaction-Induced Petobo Landslide during 2018.9.28 Indonesia Palu-Donggala Earth-quake

作者

張睦雄、凃家利、賈立、雷莉、黃任中、廖至銘

關鍵字

地層滑動、土壤液化、地質調查、滑動分析、2018印尼帕盧地震

摘要

2018.9.28印尼Palu-Donggala地震造成Petobo地區土壤嚴重液化與長距離地盤滑動災害，作者群曾於地工技術發文說明現地踏勘結果以及滑動區地形表徵劃分。本文接續說明滑動區地質調查、以及液化分析與滑動評估結果，同時提出該滑動事件可能原因與機制，以作為國內土壤液化相關研究之參考。

英文摘要

The 2018.9.28 Indonesia Palu-Donggala Earthquake had caused substantial soil liquefaction and induced sig-nificant flow slides in the Petobo area of Palu, Indonesia. In an article published previously in Sino-Geotechnics, the authors presented the observations from an onsite reconnaissance and proposed a morphological zonation for the sliding mass. In this paper, we discuss the results of the subsequent subsurface investigations, as well as the associated liquefaction analysis and flow slide assessment. We also propose the potential causes and the mechanism of the flow slides, which may serve as a reference for the liquefaction-induced flow slide study in Taiwan.

作者

江政恩、李榮瑞

摘要

淡江大橋建設為北台灣重要交通建設計畫，位於臨近台灣海峽淡水河口，為襯托著名「淡江夕照」美景，橋梁設計以”靜謐舞者”為題，力求線條簡潔精練與淡江夕照相得益彰，由中興工程顧問有限公司及德商萊恩安德工程顧問股份有限公司(Leonhardt Andrä und Partner)聯合承攬，並邀請世界知名建築師札哈哈第(Zaha Hadid Architects)協助共同設計完成。淡江大橋採用全漂浮式單塔不對稱斜張橋，塔高自基礎以上總高度 211.4公尺，水面以上200公尺，主橋全長920公尺，其中主跨450公尺，目前世界上最大之單塔不對稱斜張橋。

作者

林建勳、胡逸舟

摘要

捷運三鶯線路線起於捷運土城線頂埔站，路線行經新北市土城區、三峽區、鶯歌區，總長度約為14.29公里，共設置12座高架車站(LB01-LB12)及一座機廠。未來計畫保留未來延伸至桃園八德地區，以銜接桃園航空城捷運線、串聯桃園國際機場、高速鐵路及區域城際鐵路，促成重要公共運輸系統間的無縫整合銜接。本工程由日立軌道交通號誌系統(股)有限公司 / 榮工工程股份有限公司 / 株式會社日立製作所組成聯合體共同承攬。土建工程由榮工工程股份有限公司負責施工，並由亞新工程顧問公司擔任土建細部設計顧問，工程於2016年7月開工，預定於2023年底竣工。

作者

賴建名

摘要

臺北捷運信義線CR580A區段標工程起於東門站東側，沿信義路往東前進，途中設有大安森林公園站及大安站，路線終於信義安和站西側，全長2.24公里，站與站間以潛盾隧道連通，並設有一明挖覆蓋隧道的中央避車線。
大安森林公園站坐落於臺北市大安森林公園北側，以「森林轉運-都會與公園對話」為主題構想，將陽光、空氣、綠意引進地下車站，使車站與公園環境充分融合，並於2015年榮獲全球卓越建設獎公部門基礎建設首獎的殊榮。