作者

李佳翰

摘要

隨著現代化醫學的發展與進步，人類的平均壽命比古人長壽的多，造成許多國家面臨高齡化社會問題，長者的長期照顧與延壽變成重要議題。而公共工程建設之各項土建設施亦是如此，當這些建築物、橋樑、隧道、水壩等隨著時間的增長與外在環境因素的影響而逐漸劣化時，如何早期發現、早期治療，甚至定期檢查並延長其使用年限，則成為國家永續發展之重要課題。
如果說橋梁是交通建設中最明顯的土木結構物，那麼隧道可以說是橋梁那過於害羞的表兄弟了。根據維基百科之統計資料顯示， 臺灣之鐵路隧道有136座(長度約162.5公里)、高鐵隧道有49座(長度約68.8公里)、長度1公里以上之公路隧道有62座(長度約131.2公里)，更遑論水利隧道、輸配電等隧道之數量與長度，由此可見隧道於公共設施與人民生活之重要性。
本期係針對隧道結構之維護管理課題，從完工時基本資料之建立(如同兒童健康手冊)、定期檢查與檢測(如同定期健康檢查)，到長期監測(如同長照)、加固補強(如同延壽)，以及隧道維護管理系統(如同健保系統)，甚至活化再利用，分別規劃8篇文章簡述如下：
1.邱雅筑老師等學者就隧道維護管理之過去、現在與未來提出回顧與展望；2.李佳翰博士等人從隧道異狀種類、檢測技術，到異狀肇因診斷案例探討，提供實務性之參考圖表與案例；3.周永川先生等人則由隧道維護管理問題與異狀特徵，點出隧道監測需求與規劃建議，並舉二實際案例說明；4.張博翔先生等人以隧道延壽需求與策略，針對隧道各種異狀列舉實用之隧道加固補強技術；5.蕭富元 博士等人先介紹歐洲隧道維護管理系統，再闡述國內一使用中與一開發中之隧道維護管理系統暨其未來展望；6.江金璋先生等人則以甫完工通車之草埔森永隧道，說明新世代公路隧道維護管理，從施工中地質風險回饋至營運階段監測配置、襯砌影像掃描建立基本資料到營運監測資料介接交控中心；7. 林炳松先生等人藉由國內國道高速公路隧道之定期巡查、檢測與長期監測實際現況，引出如何應用現代化科技與技術(例如：VR、AR、BIM與Deep Learning)，導入隧道全生命週期之維護管理；8.王益翔先生等人則以即將達百年歷史之舊三貂嶺隧道為例，闡明磚造隧道之檢測方式、安全評估與維修補強，以及如何將廢棄之舊鐵路隧道活化再利用成為自行車道，並保留隧道內原始水流與土砂之歷史痕跡，劃下完美句點。
此外，謝旭昇博士等人以明確之五步驟建構合理估算地盤反力係數之流程，並輔以實際案例說明，以供工程師未來能更加適切地評估基礎沉陷量。
最後，編者與基金會很榮幸能邀請日本隧道維護領域之大師－京都大學朝倉俊弘 名譽教授為本期撰寫贈言，期許臺灣與日本隧道維護領域能有更進一步的連結與分享，為本期增色不少。感謝吳建宏教授協助翻譯日文贈言；感謝各篇作者不吝分享寶貴經驗，並於百忙中撥允撰寫如此專業又實用之文章；感謝各篇審查委員之細心審閱、逐字斧正；感謝基金會編輯群之精美排版、耐心校稿，本期方能順利付梓，編者在此表達由衷之謝忱。

作者

朝倉俊弘

摘要

隧道會產生多種的事故、災害與變形。例如：地滑引致隧道崩壞、岩盤崩壞所伴隨的變形、破壞、襯砌混凝土的剝離、剝落，地震與地壓作用而產生的變形、襯砌材料的劣化、漏水、凍害等多種案例在實務上都有發生。
隧道幾乎全部都是重要的社會基盤設備。由於是以公共的目的而建造，因此被要求能夠以半永久性的方式維持其機能。上述事故與災害能否防範於未然，便成為一個重要的需求，因此，有了隧道維護技術的發展，而且希望下一個世代能夠加以繼承。
在日本，運輸基盤的鐵路、公路結構物的健全化與延壽，新幹線、高速鐵路的大規模修繕等，均有所計畫，並積極進行，以完工之後歷經50年的路線為對象，在10年內累積所需預算(提供優惠稅制)，並在10年內大大進行補強、補修工程。因此，鐵路事業者、道路事業者無不努力於改良、開發可以運用於各種結構物的維護管理技術。另外，為了避免少子、高齡化社會所伴隨的勞動人口數目減少，目前正積極導入與開發維護管理系統IT化，各種檢查手法的機械化、自動化，以及AI、ICT、IoT等資訊技術。
技術高度專業化並不會減輕技術者所需扮演的角色，反而會增加其更具重要性。然而，隧道維護管理技術的學習並不容易，學習過程中必須要有隧道工程、岩盤工程、土壤力學、材料力學、結構力學、檢測探查工學、地質學、地形學等多樣的學問與知識，另外，必須藉由多樣案例的現場經驗，才能確實掌握經驗與知識。

日本與臺灣同樣位於環太平洋造山帶，同為山區遍布、平原狹窄等的島國，在地形、地質上有許多共通點，另外，國民也有一致的勤勉的特性。如果能夠協助將彼此的經驗共有，而讓我們的子子孫孫能繼承優良的社會資本，並為兩國之間的發展略盡貢獻的話，身為隧道專家，將深感幸福。

英文篇名

Present, Past and Future of the Development in Tunnel Maintenance

作者

邱雅筑、王泰典、黃燦輝

關鍵字

隧道維護、隧道補強、異狀肇因、結構健康監測、結構性能

摘要

從第一座隧道於1890年落成以來，臺灣隧道工程目前已穩定進入維護重於新建施工的階段。1980末期以前，臺灣尚無系統性的維護管理制度，完工後若發現損壞，通常直接修復該處，而少有檢測紀錄與損壞原因的討論。1980末期至2000末期，檢監測成為隧道維護管理不可缺的一環，相關之科學研發跨過第一個十年。2000末期迄今(2021年)為止，臺灣隧道維護管理累積大量檢監測資料，自行研發之檢監測技術與維護管理系統應用成熟。下一步則應持續克服隧道施工、維護、全面整修與再利用各階段的瓶頸，落實全生命週期式維護管理。本文整理臺灣隧道維護管理之法規制度、科技研發與技術應用現況，建議未來應朝：1.數字化與智能處理之應用；2.異狀特徵化與肇因診斷之常態化；3.隧道結構性能評估；4.隧道結構受力型態評估；5.隧道補強設計方法開發以及6.隧道結構永續性探討等六個面向努力。

英文摘要

Tunnel engineering in Taiwan has steadily stepping into a stage with more maintenance than excavation since the first tunnel was completed in 1890. Before the end of 1980s, there is no sign of maintenance system in Taiwan. Damaged areas were repaired at once without thorough inspections and investigations on the cause of damage. From the end of 1980s to that of 2000s, inspection and monitoring have become necessary parts of tunnel maintenance. In the meanwhile, local research and technology development in this field had just reached the milestone of the first decade. Since the end of 2000s, abundant data were accumulated, as the domestic inspection and monitoring techniques and maintenance system were in place. Next, efforts should be put to overcome difficulties in tunnel life-cycle stages including construction, maintenance, upgrading and recycling. It is expected to achieve a true life-cycle maintenance of tunnel engineering. This manuscript reviews current situation on laws and regulations, science and technology, and their applications. We suggest that resources should be invested on 1. applying artificial intelligence on inspection data digitization and processing, 2. making characterization of anomalies and anomaly causes diagnosis an essential work, 3. evaluating performance of tunnel structure, 4. accessing force distribution related to tunnel anomalies, 5. developing reinforcement design methods on tunnel repair, and 6. sustainability of tunnel structure.

英文篇名

Tunnel Health Inspection ~ Tunnel Inspection Technology and Cause Diagnosis

作者

李佳翰、張家偉、詹尚書、簡翊文

關鍵字

隧道檢測、隧道異狀、肇因診斷

摘要

隧道維護如同人體醫學，平時定期檢查，有特殊狀況或異狀時則需委託安全檢測，除檢測隧道異狀種類、發生部位與嚴重程度外，亦須診斷評估發生異狀之可能肇因，方能設計合適之維修補強對策，予以對症下藥。本文首先蒐集彙整國內外山岳隧道異狀種類及其可能肇因，接著介紹襯砌影像掃描技術與隧道詳細檢測技術，最後列舉二實際案例，說明如何透過襯砌影像掃描、詳細檢測與異狀肇因診斷等技術評估隧道產生異狀之可能原因，以供未來隧道檢測選擇適用之檢測技術，以及評估隧道異狀可能肇因參考使用。

英文摘要

Tunnel maintenance is like health maintenance. Regular inspections are required. When there are some special conditions or anomalies, additional safety inspections are entrusted. In addition to detecting the type, location and severity of tunnel anomalies, it is also necessary to diagnose and evaluate the possible causes of anomalies. Then engineers are able to provide appropriate solutions. This article first collected and summarized the types of anomalies and their possible causes for mountain tunnels. The lining image scanning technology and the detailed tunnel inspection technology are therefore introduced. Finally, there are two actual case studies are presented to explain the application of the lining image scanning to
detailed inspection and diagnosis of anomalies causes. Such technology can evaluate the possible causes of anomalies for future tunnel inspections. It is one of suitable approaches in evaluating the possible causes of anomalies.

英文篇名

Infrastructure Anomaly and Diagnosis Case Study by Using Tunnel Monitoring Technique

作者

周永川、楊智堯、許耀仁、林衍丞、鄭斯元、李魁士

關鍵字

異狀、空洞、隧道監測、維護管理

摘要

臺灣之道路、軌道交通及維生幹線洞道近數十來快速擴展，不僅成為各都市快速運輸系統，亦成為串聯臺灣各縣市經濟成長之基礎幹道，隨營運負荷及期程逐年增加，於有限時段內完成隧道調查與維管工作，往往無法深入掌握隧道異狀之肇因，故為掌握隧道變形與受力變化而多依症狀配置合宜之監測儀器進行較長期之變化掌握，始得對隧道延壽與營運安全有所助益。隧道因環境條件不同，致採擇不同工法施築，面臨之維管問題亦不同，本文藉由探討隧道營運常遭遇之力學問題與症狀類別進行說明，並建議適當之維護管理監控策略，及藉由國內特殊隧道之監控案例提出探討成果，以為工程界參考。

英文摘要

Roads, rail transit, and pipelines have been expanded rapidly over the past few decades. In addition to being the rapid transit between cities, transportation establishments in Taiwan have also paved the way for the economic growth between counties and cities. With the increasing operational demand, the investigation and maintenance of tunnel surface under limited time has made it difficult to grasp, identify, and treat the encountered problems with precision. Therefore, assigning the appropriate monitoring equipment according to the symptoms is significantly helpful to the safety and sustainability of tunnels. According to different environmental conditions, the dimension and construction method of each
tunnel will induce different maintenance difficulty. This article discussed the mechanical issues and occurring symptoms among various tunnel projects. Some suggestions are made upon the maintenance management and monitoring strategies for these tunnel problems. From the case studies, this article is expected to provide technical improvement as a reference for the engineering community.

英文篇名

Tunnel Life Prolonging ~ Reinforcement Techniques for Existing Tunnels

作者

張博翔、王元度、李怡德、李民政

關鍵字

全生命週期、延壽、隧道維護管理、隧道加固補強

摘要

隧道，如同其他土木結構物一般，均有其使用壽命。隨著已開發國家的基礎建設漸趨飽和，且對環境、生態、景觀等各面向日益重視，隧道新建工程之推動已較過去面臨更多挑戰，相較之下，如何針對既有隧道適當延壽，以維持隧道之正常使用功能，已成為不容忽視的課題。
本文將從隧道全生命週期之角度切入，探討合宜之隧道延壽策略，並藉由一般認知的新奧工法設計理念，省思其中之不確定性與盲點。再嘗試針對隧道常見的異狀予以分類，並探討其可行的加固補強策略與技術，以提供隧道工程界後續維護管理之參考。

英文摘要

Tunnel as well as other civil structures has its limited service life. In developed countries, owing to the fact that their infrastructure is getting saturated, and the issues of environment, ecology and landscape attract much more attention than ever, building a new tunnel has been quite challenging. Meanwhile, how to prolong the service life of existing tunnels and maintain their normal function has been a topic that cannot be ignored.
This paper is aimed at discussing adequate tunnel prolonging strategy by considering full life-cycle. Through reviewing the design concept of NATM, some uncertainties and blind spots could be found. Then, common tunnel abnormalities will be categorized. Feasible reinforcement strategies and techniques will be further elaborated, serving as references for all tunnel practitioners in future maintenance works.

英文篇名

Tunnel Management and Maintenance ~ Development of Tunnel Maintenance System

作者

蕭富元、冀樹勇、高憲彰

關鍵字

營運隧道、隧道維護管理、資料庫系統、生命週期

摘要

臺灣地狹人稠，山多平原少，隧道在交通運輸及水電設施上扮演重要角色，營運隧道的維護管理極為重要。隧道維護管理所涉及的領域與資料類型甚廣，資料量龐大且繁瑣，傳統的紙本紀錄方式長期保存不易，同時資料調閱耗時，並且零散無系統性，無法有效管理與充分利用。在管理資源有限情形下，目前許多國家已採用資料庫系統進行隧道維護管理，透過維護管理系統掌握隧道安全性能變化，進而採取相對應的對策作為與資源調度分配。本文介紹近年來國內外隧道維護管理系統的發展狀況，雖然許多系統雖仍屬起步階段，但隨軟硬體技術快速發展，系統功能將可進一步提升，朝全生命週期隧道維護管理目標邁進。

英文摘要

Taiwan is a dense-population and mountainous country. Tunnels play a significant role in transportation and hydropower facilities. Operational tunnel maintenance is very important. Actually, the knowledge field and data types for tunnel maintenance are very extensive. Data amount is huge and complex. Traditional paper-based recorded data is difficult to be stored for a long time. Meanwhile, data access is time-consuming, fragmented, and non-systematic, that would cause the data cannot be effectively managed and fully applied. Under the situation of limited management resources, the database system of tunnel maintenance is widely used in many advanced countries around the world. By using tunnel maintenance system to understand the changes in tunnel safety performance, the corresponding countermeasures can be carried out. This paper introduces the recent development of tunnel maintenance system. Although some systems are still in their infancy, it is expected the system function will be improved and the life cycle tunnel management can be achieved with the rapid development of software and hardware technologies.

英文篇名

New Generation Highway Tunnel Maintenance and Management ~ A Case Study of CaopuSenyong Tunnel

作者

江金璋、羅國峯、林衍丞、何金益、陳正勳、蕭秋安

關鍵字

隧道維護管理、營運監測、襯砌影像掃描、微變位監測

摘要

臺灣公路隧道隨著國內重大交通建設相繼完成，營運階段之維護與管理需求增加，故有必要提升公共建設執行效能，而引入公路全生命週期管養新技術與制度，即在設計階段予以考量，建立完整之地質資料、施工中與營運階段監測系統，及統整施工紀錄與監、檢測資料，採積極式維護理念，主動掌握隧道結構特性隨時間之演化行為，研判可能引致破壞之潛在因子及其模式，並透過自動化與定期監測資料評估整體隧道安全。本文以草埔森永隧道為例，說明新世代公路隧道維護與管理應具備之觀念，及該隧道目前辦理營運階段監測之相關作為，以作為日後建構新世代「主動防災、積極維護、永續發展」公路隧道工程之參考。

英文摘要

As promotion of major transportation constructions, road tunnels were constructed one after another in Taiwan. Therefore, demands for maintenance and management in operation have also increased, and it is necessary to improve the performance of public constructions. Full life cycle management system was introduced, including design with consideration of future management, complete geological data, and monitoring system during construction and operation. Based on the concept of active maintenance, full life cycle management system accounts for structural characteristics with
time, and thus we can derive the potential factor and the module of failure. In addition, the safety of tunnel can be evaluated by using automatic monitoring data and regular monitoring data. This paper takes CaopuSenyong tunnel as an example to describe the new generation concept of maintenance and management of road tunnels. The experience in this project can be used as a reference for new generation tunnel engineering.

英文篇名

Life Cycle Maintenance and Management in Freeway Tunnels Case Study

作者

林炳松、王吉杉、吳承洋、王進成、林信宏、李亮瑩

關鍵字

隧道維護管理、隧道檢測、隧道監測

摘要

隨著技術進步與發展，隧道長度距離越長、斷面大小越大，目前國道5號雪山隧道為世界長公路隧道之一，如何在有限的資源內，達到長期、有效的永續經營，是隧道維護管理之重要課題。本文首先蒐集彙整目前各國在公路隧道維護管理作業準則與特性，接著介紹目前國內高速公路隧道維護管理之方式與具體作為，藉由隧道巡查、檢測與監測工作，提供後續隧道安全等級評估，並闡述現代化隧道維護管理策略，朝向視覺化、智慧化與自動化發展，達到隧道之全生命週期維護管理。

英文摘要

With the development of technology, the length of tunnels is designed longer and the width of tunnels is designed larger. Xueshan tunnel is one of the longest road tunnels in the world, which is located on Freeway NO.5 in Taiwan. To achieve sustainable operation within limited resources has become an important issue for tunnel maintenance and management. This study collected a number of foreign road tunnel maintenance guides at first. Then, the maintenance and management methods for current highway road tunnel in Taiwan, including tunnel inspection, tunnel detection, tunnel monitoring and tunnel security rating, are introduced. The case studies have demonstrated the modern tunnel life cycle maintenance and management by using visualization, intelligence and automation technology.

英文篇名

Inspection and Reactivation of Brick-Lining Tunnel ~ A Case Study of the Old Shandiaoling Tunnel

作者

王益翔、蔡柏坤、葛文忠、蕭富元

關鍵字

磚造隧道、非破壞性檢測、隧道安全、文化資產

摘要

臺灣有許多古老的磚造隧道保留迄今，結構仍大致完整，近年來有多起已廢棄的磚造隧道再度被活化利用。本文介紹新北市政府所規劃之舊三貂嶺隧道活化再利用案例，案例隧道採用襯砌影像掃描及三維透地雷達探測等非破壞性檢測方法，調查評估隧道結構安全穩定狀況，結果發現歷經近百年時光後，砌磚表層已有風化剝落跡象，襯砌背後亦普遍存在空洞，且有多處滲水潮濕情形，但整體襯砌結構大致尚可，故將有剝落風險的磚塊表層敲除，並針對結構有明顯損壞區段設置鋼架防護網，案例隧道之規劃設計兼顧隧道安全、文化資產保護及景觀設計等多方面因素，具參考價值。

英文摘要

There are many ancient brick-lining tunnels in Taiwan. The integrity of brick-lining for most tunnels can still perform well. In recent years, many abandoned brick-lining tunnels have been reactivated. The paper introduced the reactivated case of the old Shandiaoling Tunnel planned by the New Taipei City Government. The safety and stability of the brick-lining were inspected and assessed by using non-destructive tests of lining lidar scanning and 3D ground penetrating radar. After nearly a hundred years, it was found that the surface of the weathered bricks has a risk of spalling and cavities generally existing behind the lining. In addition, many groundwater flows into the tunnel from the joints of the bricks. However, the integrity of brick-lining structure is still fairy good. Therefore, the surface layers of the obvious weathered bricks are knocked out and the steel frame with protection nets are installed in the field. The planning and design of the case tunnel considered the factors of tunnel safety, cultural asset protection and landscape design. The inspection and design of the case tunnel is great valuable.

英文篇名

Modulus of Subgrade Reaction for the Foundation Design of Highrise Buildings

作者

謝旭昇、林卓民、林婷媚、邱俊翔、夏沛禹、李忠錦

關鍵字

地盤反力係數、基礎設計、高層建築

摘要

地盤反力係數為高層建築基礎設計中必須使用之參數，但因其並非土壤之基本參數，故如何計算其數值有其困難，有時甚至需使用繁複之迭代分析以決定其值。在複合地層之狀況下地盤反力係數之選定則更為困難，若再加計土壤液化之折減效應，此設計參數之選擇已對基礎設計者造成相當大的困擾。本文以土壤力學及基礎工程之概念提出一計算複合土層地盤反力係數之模式，該模式可兼顧基礎寬度、地層變化、結構荷重變化及土壤液化之影響，應較能配合基礎結構之設計需求。另因連續壁、扶壁、地中壁等亦分擔部分結構荷重，本文亦討論其地盤反力之計算方式以供參考。

英文摘要

Modulus of subgrade reaction is one of the vital parameters used in foundation design for highrise buildings. Since Kv is not an intrinsic soil parameter, it is difficult to assess its magnitude, and sometimes a cumbersome iteration process may have to be activated to achieve a reasonable value. As for multi-layer ground conditions, the determination of Kv alone is a tumultuous process, not to mention the complexity of incorporating the effect of liquefaction. As it stands now, Kv is considered a mystery to both geotechnical engineer and structural designer. This paper presents a systematic approach based upon principles of soil mechanics and foundation engineering to assess the value of Kv for multi-layer ground conditions. Factors that affect the value of Kv, including foundation dimension, variation of soil layers, load magnitude and liquefaction effect, are all incorporated in the Kv evaluation process. The equivalent Kv values for diaphragm wall, buttress wall and cross wall are also addressed in this paper, as these structural elements are often parts of the foundation system of highrise buildings to carry structural loads.

作者

詹佩臻、王元度、黃韋凱、林榮潤、高振誠、詹尚書、林德洪、潘紹勇、呂家豪、汪俊彥、黃柏鈞

摘要

本次活動範圍包括雪山山脈、脊樑山脈及大南澳太魯閣帶與玉里帶等地質分區。並親臨壯闊的橋隧路工程。沿路線可觀察到頁岩等泥質原岩，經過變質作用，產生葉理狀之變質岩，從低度至高度變質的岩性為：板岩→千枚岩→片岩→片麻岩，其葉理構造及大尺度的褶皺與移位構造，亦是本次活動倍具挑戰的課題之一
活動重點行程：
山月吊橋：山月吊橋橋長196m，橋面寬2.5m，距離溪谷約152m，從布洛灣臺地邊緣跨越立霧溪谷，是太魯閣國家公園跨距最長、距離溪谷落差最大的指標性吊橋。
中橫：臺8線東段、臺14甲線沿路正好是臺灣變質岩的脊樑山脈地質區，包含特殊的高山峻嶺、峽谷地形、向源侵蝕、河谷解壓、伴隨落石、山崩、地滑、重力變形等坡體變形破壞現象，常因地質災害而成為經常性阻斷的省道，顯見公路修築與養護之艱難。
廬山：廬山溫泉開發自日據時代末期，為臺灣四大溫泉之一，然溫泉區北側邊坡，每逢豪大雨或颱風期，屢因大量降雨導致邊坡產生滑動，若大規模崩塌將產生大量人命財產損失。

作者

鄧源昌、盧志杰

摘要

時 間：2020 年12 月11 日(星期五) 9:00-17:00
地 點：國家災害防救科技中心 國際會議廳

作者

李佳翰

摘要

鐵路是十九世紀工業革命的產物，它不但促進了各地交通與文化的交流，也改變了經濟與社會結構，早期凡是有鐵路的地方，便象徵著繁榮與進步。隧道則是連接兩地的地下通道，由於山岳隧道皆為穿山越嶺鑿挖而成，施工過程往往極為艱辛，然而完工後人們搭乘列車通過它時卻難以感受與體會當時隧道工程人員們的汗水與辛勞，故本文希冀能從回顧鐵路山岳隧道工程的發展歷史，讓年輕一輩的工程師們能從中窺見前人的智慧與毅力。
本文從台灣鐵路發展經緯以時間軸依序說明19世紀清領時期之縱貫線北段，20世紀日治時期之縱貫線、宜蘭線、台東線，光復後之北迴線、南迴線，接著21世紀東部鐵路改善計畫、花東線鐵路雙軌化計畫等鐵路山岳隧道工程發展，最後則是對台灣鐵路山岳隧道工程之回顧及展望。

承167期(山岳隧道～鐵路篇 (中)